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Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 30 – No. 2/2013 (51-58)

Estimated balance status of manganese in healthy young adults

Mi-Hyun Kim¹, Eun-Young Kim² and Mi-Kyeong Choi³

¹Department of Food and Nutrition, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, ²Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, and ³Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
Manganese is an essential nutrient for human metabolism; however, few studies have been conducted to establish the dietary recommended intake (DRI) for manganese. The purpose of this study is to provide data that can inform the manganese intake level and address the RI by analyzing the manganese intake of 513 young Korean adults and evaluating the blood levels and estimated manganese balance of 51 selected subjects. The average age of the total subjects was 22.6 years for men and 21.6 years for women. The average daily energy intake was 1,758.50 kcal for men and 1,578.5 kcal for women. In addition, the daily manganese intake was 3,772.7 μg for men and 3,444.2 μg for women. The manganese intake of all subjects was lower than the tolerable upper intake. The manganese intake, excretion through urine and feces, retention amount, and retention rate of the selected subjects were 2,922.8 μg, 2,612.2 μg, 331.1 μg, and 6.7%, respectively, with no significant difference between men and women except urinary excretion (0.34 μg for men vs. 0.18 μg for women, p < 0.05). The manganese intake was positively related with the intakes of food, energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate. Also, the manganese retention amount was positively related with the intakes of energy, protein, and fat. These results show that both food intake and energy intake are important factors for manganese intake and retention.Correspondence to:
Dr. Mi-Kyeong Choi
Division of Food Science, Kongju National University
Yesan, Chungnam 340-742, Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Clinical Nephrology, Vol. 81 – No. 1/2014 (1-8)

Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease as risk factors of osteoporosis

Jung-ho Shin, Su Hyun Kim, and Suk-Hee Yu

Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine
Aims: Osteoporosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and is often accompanied by metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We demonstrated the relationship among MetS, CKD and osteoporosis, and investigated the roles of MetS and CKD in the occurrence of osteoporosis in a healthy Korean population. Methods: The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the modification of diet in renal disease study equation. The diagnosis of MetS was made according to the updated guidelines from the American Heart Association/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Bone mineral density (BMD) values were measured. A decreased BMD level was defined as either osteopenia or osteoporosis. Results: The subjects comprised 38.9% men and 61.1% women; 6.6% had CKD, 19.4% had MetS, and 12.2% had osteoporosis. In females, the prevalence of MetS and CKD was higher in those with decreased BMD (p = 0.034 and p = 0.114, respectively). The risks for decreased BMD increased with fewer MetS components and lower eGFR in a simple logistic analysis. However, the correlation disappeared when adjusted for age. In males, the prevalence of MetS and CKD was lower in decreased BMD (p = 0.034 and p = 0.157, respectively). Both the presence of MetS components and lower eGFR had protective effects on BMD values in simple and multiple logistic analyses. Conclusions: In females, decreased BMD was positively related with both MetS and CKD. But, this relationship was not seen by adjustment for age. In males, lower BMD was negatively related to both MetS and CKD in unadjusted and adjusted models.Correspondence to:
Su Hyun Kim, MD
Department of Internal Medicine
Chung-Ang University Hospital
224-1, Heukseok-Dong,
Dongjak-ku, Seoul, 156-755, Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 52 – No. 11/2014 (1005-1011)

Effect of voglibose on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in healthy Korean subjects

Ho-Sook Kim¹,², Minkyung Oh¹, Eun Ji Kim³, Geun Seog Song³, Jong-Lyul Ghim², Ji-Hong Shon¹,², Dong-Hyun Kim¹, and Jae-Gook Shin¹,²

¹Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, ²Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, and ³Pharmaceutical BU, CJ Cheiljedang Corp., Seoul, Republic of Korea
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of voglibose on the pharmacokinetics of metformin. Methods: A randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study with a 7-day washout period was conducted. All subjects were given an oral dose of metformin with or without voglibose 3 × daily for 7 days. Plasma concentrations of metformin on day 7 were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection for pharmacokinetic assessment Vital signs and adverse events were monitored, and physical examinations and laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate safety. Results: 22 subjects completed the study. The geometric mean ratios for C_ss,max of metformin (metformin plus voglibose vs. metformin only) were 0.98 (90% CI, 0.92 – 1.05; p > 0.05) and for AUCτ, the ratio was 0.99 (90% CI, 0.92 – 1.06; p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in adverse drug reactions between metformin with and without voglibose. However, the incidence of adverse events was higher in period 1 than in period 2 (16 cases vs. 1 case, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Co-administration of metformin and voglibose had no statistically or clinically significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in healthy subjects. The pharmacodynamic interaction study to evaluate the effect of metformin on the pharmacodynamics of voglibose is in progress.Correspondence to:
Jae-Gook Shin, MD, PhD
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology
Inje University College of Medicine and Busan Paik Hospital
633-165 Gaegum-dong, Jin-gu, Busan 614-735, Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 32 – No. 1/2015 (28-36)

Intake and food sources of sodium and potassium in elementary school children in South Korea

Yang-Sub Shin¹, Yun-Jung Bae², Mi-Hyun Kim³, and Mi-Kyeong Choi⁴

¹Department of Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Kongju National University, Yesan, ²Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Dongducheon, ³Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong, and ⁴Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
This study aimed to evaluate the intake and food sources of sodium and potassium in 588 elementary school children in Chungnam province, South Korea. The participants were 145.3 cm tall and weighed 39.7 kg with an average body mass index of 19.0 kg/m². Daily energy intake was 1,640.1 kcal for boys and 1,643.9 kcal for girls, which was 86.3% and 96.7% of estimated energy requirements, respectively, and sodium intake was 3,465.7 mg for boys and 3,771.4 mg for girls, which was 266.6% and 290.1% of the adequate intake (AI), respectively (p < 0.05). Potassium intake was 1,981.2 mg for boys and 2,177.9 mg for girls, which was 61.9% and 68.1% of the AI (p < 0.05). The ratio of sodium to potassium intake was 1.7 : 1. Both the boys and girls consumed sodium primarily from salt, kimchi, and salt-fermented shrimp and potassium primarily from rice, kimchi, milk, and pumpkin. In summary, South Korean elementary school students were found to have a 2.8 × higher intake of sodium than the AI and lower intake of potassium. It is important to emphasize the importance of reducing sodium and increasing potassium in the diet of elementary school children. Knowledge regarding the primary food sources of sodium and potassium may be used to tailor intervention efforts to reduce sodium intake and increase potassium intake.Correspondence to:
Dr. Mi-Kyeong Choi
Division of Food Science
Kongju National University
Yesan, 340-702, South Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 32 – No. 4/2015 (204-210)

Chromium intake and its relationship with fasting blood glucose in healthy adults

Mi-Kyeong Choi¹, Yun-Jung Bae², Haeng-Shin Lee³, and Mi-Hyun Kim⁴

¹Division of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan, Chungnam, ²Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi, ³Nutrition Policy and Promotion Team, Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, and ⁴Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
Objective: Chromium (Cr) is a trace element that has been postulated to play an important role in the action of insulin. However, limited studies have evaluated and investigated Cr intake and its relation to blood glucose in healthy people. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess daily Cr intake and its relationship with fasting blood glucose (FBG) in healthy adults. Materials and methods: Data on the Cr content of frequently consumed foods were collected. Using this database, the daily Cr intake was evaluated and its relation to FBG was analyzed in 51 healthy adults (23 men, 28 women) aged 20 – 28 years. Results: Daily energy intakes of men and women were 1,733.41 kcal and 1,571.42 kcal, respectively, and daily Cr intakes were 66.38 μg and 52.34 μg, respectively. The FBG of the subjects was 89.33 mg/dL without a significant difference between men and women. The FBG showed significant correlations with Cr intakes from cereals (p < 0.01) and from fish and shellfishes (p < 0.05), respectively. Conclusions: These results show that Cr intake from the self-selected diet may be associated with blood glucose levels in healthy adults.Correspondence to:
Mi-Hyun Kim, PhD
Department of Food and Nutrition
Korea National University of Transportation
Jeungpyeong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 55 – No. 1/2017 (102-108)

Pharmacokinetic comparison of two formulations of talniflumate 370 mg tablets in healthy Korean volunteers 

Yun Kim¹#², Sung- Yim³, Bo-Hyung Kim³#⁴, SeungHwan Lee² 

¹Program in Biomedical Radiation Sciences, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, ²Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University, College of Medicine and Hospital, ³Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and ⁴East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
Background: Talniflumate, a prodrug of niflumic acid, is a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug that has been widely used for the treatment of rheumatoid diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and to evaluate the bioequivalence of two formulations of talniflumate 370 mg tablets (test formulation: Flumagen^® 370 mg tablet; reference formulation: Somalgen^® 370 mg tablet). Methods: A randomized, open-label, single dose, two-sequence, two-period crossover clinical study was conducted. After oral administration of the study drug in each period, blood samples were collected up to 15 hours post-dose. The plasma concentration of niflumic acid, a metabolite of talniflumate, was determined using HPLC-MS/MS. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental method. Results: The maximum plasma concentration (C_max) and area under the concentration-time curve from zero to the time point with the last measurable concentration (AUC_last) for the test formulation were 290.7 ± 199 µg/L and 1,154 ± 643 µg×h/L, respectively, and the corresponding values for the reference formulation were 286.8 ± 193 µg/L and 1,151 ± 577 µg×h/L, respectively. The geometric mean ratio and 90% confidence intervals (CI) of the test formulation to the reference formulation for the C_max and AUC_last were 0.983 (0.829 – 1.166) and 0.979 (0.856 – 1.121), respectively. Conclusions: The pharmacokinetic profiles of the test and reference formulations were found not to be significantly different, meeting the Korean regulatory criteria for bioequivalence. Correspondence to:
SeungHwan Lee, MD, PhD
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Seoul National University
College of Medicine and Hospital
Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea 
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 34 – No. 4/2017 (159-165)

Serum calcium is associated with dyslipidemia in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study 

Yeon-Kyung Lee¹, Taesun Hyun², Eun-Soon Lyu³, Se-Young Oh⁴, Haeryun Park⁵, Hee-Kyong Ro⁶, Young-Ran Heo⁷, Mi-Hyun Kim⁸, Connie M. Weaver⁹, and Mi-Kyeong Choi¹⁰

¹Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, ²Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, ³Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, ⁴Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyunghee University, Seoul, ⁵Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin, ⁶Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongshin University, Naju, ⁷Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, ⁸Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, South Korea, ⁹Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA, and ¹⁰Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
Objective: The relationship between calcium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease is still debated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of calcium intake and serum calcium with dyslipidemia in Korean adults. Methods: This was a population-based, cross-sectional study of 640 subjects (320 men and 320 women) aged 20 – 69 years (average 43.7 years) recruited from eight provinces of South Korea in 2014. Daily calcium intake, serum calcium, and serum lipid profiles of the subjects were analyzed and their correlation was evaluated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was also conducted to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for prevalence of dyslipidemia by serum calcium. Results: Calcium intake was not significantly correlated with serum lipids or calcium. However, serum calcium was positively correlated with serum total cholesterol (p < 0.001) and triglycerides (p < 0.001). The unadjusted prevalence of hypercholesterolemia according to serum calcium tertiles was significantly increased with increments of serum calcium (4.7%, 6.1%, and 12.6% in the T1 – T3 groups; p < 0.005). The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for having hypercholesterolemia was also significantly increased according to serum calcium tertiles (first tertile reference, third tertile OR = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.38 – 6.22, p for trend < 0.001). The association of serum calcium with the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was not changed after adjusting for gender, body weight, age, and body mass index. Conclusion: No significant association was found between calcium intake and serum lipid profiles; however, elevated serum calcium within the normal range was shown to be associated with an increased prevalence of dyslipidemia in a Korean cohort. Correspondence to:
Dr. Mi-Kyeong Choi 
Division of Food Science
Kongju National University
Yesan, 32439,  South Korea 
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 36 – No. 1/2019 (32-40)

Effect of silicon supplementation on immune function in mice 

Se-Yune Kim¹, Sang-Ki Kim², Mi-Hyun Kim¹, and Mi-Kyeong Choi¹

¹Division of Food Science and ²Department of Companion and Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
Objective: Several studies have reported that silicon (Si) is a biologically critical element and plays a role in immune responses. However, how Si affects immune responses has not been well addressed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune effects of Si as a nutrient that can enhance immune function and prevent various diseases. Materials and methods: 6-week-old mice (n = 48) were divided into six groups according to sex and Si levels. Si was administered orally through demineralized water at different concentrations (control, 0.0005%; high Si, 0.05%; very high Si, 0.10%) for 4 weeks. Then, immune response markers in the serum and spleen were analyzed using ELISA and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: No significant differences were observed in the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). However, secretion of IL-6 significantly increased in the very high Si group of female mice (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the gene expression of IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) among the groups. Conclusion: It is concluded that high-dose Si supplementation may have a partially positive effect on immune responses particularly regarding circulation immune cytokines in female mice. Correspondence to:
Mi-Kyeong Choi, PhD
 Division of Food Science
Kongju National University
Yesan, 32439,  South Korea
Email:  [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 37 – No. 3/2020 (129-138)

Effect of silicon supplementation on bone and mineral (calcium, magnesium, and silicon) status in ovariectomized rats fed with low- and high-calcium diet 

Mi-Kyeong Choi¹, Mi-Hyun Kim¹, and Yun-Jung Bae²

¹Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, and ²Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong, Republic of Korea
Objective: Silicon is a trace mineral essential for the development of bones and connective tissues. Although studies on insufficient calcium intake and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women are prevalent, there have been limited studies on the effects of silicon supplementation on bone metabolism of postmenopausal women relative to calcium intake levels. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of silicon supplementation on bone mineral density, bone metabolism biomarkers, and mineral (calcium, magnesium, and silicon) balances, in an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis with low- and high-calcium diet.
Materials and methods: 48 7-week-old ovariectomized female Wistar rats were fed diets with two different levels of calcium (low calcium: 0.1% of the diet, high calcium: 1.5% of the diet) and three different silicon supplementation levels (adequate: 0.0005%, supplementation: 0.025%, and high supplementation: 0.075%) for 15 weeks.
Results: Different levels of silicon supplementation with low- or high-calcium diets did not show significant effects on bone mineral density and bone metabolism biomarkers of ovariectomized rats. However, high levels of silicon supplementation (0.075% of the diet) with a high-calcium diet significantly increased the retention of calcium and silicon compared to the other groups.
Conclusion: High dose of silicon supplementation produced positive effects on calcium retention in ovariectomized rats with a high-calcium diet. Therefore, silicon supplementation may be considered helpful for calcium efficiency in postmenopausal women taking high calcium.Correspondence to:
 Yun-Jung Bae, PhD
Division of Food Science and Biotechnology
Korea National University of Transportation
Jeungpyeong 27909, Republic of Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 38 – No. 2/2021 (68-76)

Copper status in healthy Korean young men and its relation to their bone status 

Mi-Hyun Kim and Mi-Kyeong Choi

Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
Objective: Several studies suggest an association between copper (Cu) deficiency and bone status in age-related osteoporosis; however, limited research exists on the Cu status including daily Cu intake in healthy populations. This study aimed to investigate the Cu nutritional status and to examine the potential role of Cu nutrition in the bone status of healthy young men.
Materials and methods: A total of 359 healthy Korean adult males aged 19 – 28 participated in this study. The subjects were evaluated for anthropometric characteristics and nutrient intake using the 24-hour recall method. Bone mineral density (BMD) of calcaneus was measured using quantitative ultrasound. Serum Cu levels were analyzed using ICP-AES. Bone metabolism markers including blood total alkaline phosphatase, N-mid osteocalcin, and type 1 collagen C-terminal telopeptide concentrations were also analyzed.
Results: Cu intake of the subjects was estimated as 1.3 ± 0.4 µg/day (156.8% of recommended intake). Major food sources of dietary Cu in the young Korean men were cereal and cereal products (40.0% of total Cu intake), meats and meat products (19.1%), eggs (6.8%), and nuts and seeds (6.7%). Cu intake correlated positively with intake of energy, protein, and calcium (p < 0.001, respectively). After adjusting for potential compounders of bone metabolism (age, weight, energy intake, protein intake, calcium intake, alcohol intake, smoking cigarettes, and regular exercise status), daily total Cu intake had no correlation with calcaneus BMD and the bone metabolism markers, but serum Cu levels had a positive correlation with serum total alkaline phosphatase activity, a bone formation marker (p < 0.01).
Conclusion: These findings indicate that Cu intake status of the young Korean men meets the current recommended intake and in the young men whose Cu intake was sufficient, dietary Cu intake had no correlation with bone status and bone metabolism markers. However, there is a possible positive relationship between serum Cu levels and bone metabolism of young adult males. Further investigations in a large population with a wide range of Cu intake are needed.Correspondence to:
 Prof. Mi-Kyeong Choi 
Division of Food Science
Kongju National University
Yesan, South Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Clinical Nephrology, Vol. 95 – No. 5/2021 (247-255)

Impact of left ventricular function on tissue perfusion and renal outcomes in patients with sepsis 

Ji In Moon, Jungho Shin, Jin Ho Hwang, Won-Young Kim, and Su Hyun Kim

Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
Aims: Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is a predictor of mortality in patients with sepsis. However, it remains uncertain whether LV dysfunction aggravates tissue perfusion, leading to organ failure, or whether it has an independent impact. We investigated the association between LV dysfunction and tissue perfusion, and their impacts on renal outcomes in patients with sepsis.
Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed 162 adult patients with sepsis who met the Sepsis-3 definition, including 83 (51.2%) with normal LV function, 39 (24.1%) with diastolic dysfunction (septal E/e’ ratio > 15 with ejection fraction ≥ 50%), and 40 (24.7%) with systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction < 50%). Tissue perfusion was assessed using blood lactate levels.
Results: LV function was not associated with the initial lactate level, 24-hour lactate level, and lactate clearance (p = 0.861, 0.907, 0.363). However, acute kidney injury risk increased with blood lactate levels ≥ 2 mmol/L or systolic dysfunction in multivariate analysis (p = 0.032 and 0.090). The probability of renal replacement therapy did not depend on both blood lactate levels and LV function, conversely, the renal replacement therapy-free period was shorter in patients with LV dysfunction, independent of previous chronic kidney disease (p = 0.003). Renal function at discharge was not significantly related to lactate levels and LV function (p = 0.688 and 0.174).
Conclusion: LV dysfunction might not influence tissue perfusion but could have unfavorable impacts on renal outcomes in patients with sepsis. Besides treatment for preserving tissue perfusion, individualized therapies tailored to LV function are needed.Correspondence to:
 Jungho Shin, MD, PhD 
Department of Internal Medicine
Chung-Ang University Hospital
Chung-Ang University College of Medicine
102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 38 – No. 4/2021 (201-211)

Mineral contents and antioxidant capacity of selected nuts 

Je-Hyuk Lee*, Mi-Hyun Kim*, Yu-Mi Kim, Cheong-Song Kim, and Mi-Kyeong Choi

Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide scientific evidence of the nutritive function of nuts by analyzing and assessing nutrition composition including nutritionally important minerals such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) and the antioxidant capacity of nuts commonly sold in Korea.
Materials and methods: The 10 kinds of nuts (unseasoned cashew nuts, macadamia nuts, peanuts, almonds, pistachio nuts, walnuts, pecans, Brazil nuts, pine nuts, and sunflower seeds) were obtained in ready-to-eat packaging from local supermarkets in Korea. General composition, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities of the nuts were analyzed. The Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu contents in the nuts were also analyzed using ICP-OES.
Results: The average fat, protein, and carbohydrate content per 100 g of dry weight of the 10 nuts was 64.4 g, 18.7 g, and 14.4 g, respectively, and the average energy content was 711.7 kcal. The mineral content per 100 g of dry weight of the 10 nuts was 96.8 mg for Ca, 185.4 mg for Mg, 4.4 mg for Fe, 4.4 mg for Zn, and 2.2 mg for Cu. Ca content was significantly higher in almonds (p < 0.001), and Mg in Brazil nuts (p = 0.001). The TPC and TFC of the ethanol extract of nuts was highest in sunflower seeds (254 mg GAE/100 g nuts, 348 mg CE/100 g nuts), followed by walnuts (205 mg GAE/100 g nuts, 42 mg CE/100 g nuts) and pecans (138 mg GAE/100 g nuts, 57 mg CE/100 g nuts). When the antioxidant activity of the nuts was analyzed, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and reducing capacity were highest in sunflower seeds (1,075 mg TE, 3,590 mg AE, and 183 mg PE/100 g dry weight, respectivly).
Conclusion: The results of this study, which showed high nutritional density including protein and important minerals, and antioxidant activity of the nuts, can provide basic data for developing snacks and meals for healthy people and developing medical foods for patients or elderly in need of high nutritional density and chronic disease management.

*These authors contributed equally to this work.Correspondence to:
Mi-Kyeong Choi, PhD
Department of Food  and Nutrition
Kongju National University
Yesan, Chungnam 32439, Republic of Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 39 – No. 1/2022 (7-15)

Evaluation of calcium, potassium, and magnesium content of coffee beverages commonly consumed by Koreans with comparison ofcafé-made coffee and ready-to-drink coffee products

Hyun-Jung Lee, In-young Choi, Mi-Kyeong Choi, and Mi-Hyun Kim

Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
Objective: The consumption of coffee is steadily increasing in Korea, and the coffee industry has been expanding significantly. This study aimed to evaluate the mineral nutrition value of café-made (CM) and ready-to-drink (RTD) coffee beverages commonly consumed by Koreans, focusing on calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg).
Materials and methods: The coffees collected at coffee shops (10 CM products from 5 brands) and Korean retailers (16 RTD products form 8 representative brands in Korea) were classified into two main types of coffee consumption in Korea: Americano (n = 12) and milk-containing latte (n = 13). The Ca, K, and Mg content in the 25 products was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
Results: The amount of coffee served per serving in the collected sample was 360.8 mL on average for CM Americano and latte from specialty stores, 275.7 mL for RTD Americano, and 275.6 mL for RTD latte. Ca content based on 1 serving was the highest at 311.80 mg in CM latte, followed by 114.77 mg of RTD latte, 6.83 mg of CM Americano, and 1.11 mg of RTD Americano (p < 0.001). When comparing the average Ca content per 200 mL, CM latte was 173.09 mg, RTD latte 83.66 mg, CM Americano 3.79 mg, and RTD Americano 0.84 mg (p < 0.001). The latte contained more than twice as much K as the same types of the Americano (p < 0.001). The Mg content was highest in CM latte (24.04 mg/200 mL) but lowest in RTD Americano (7.74 mg/200 mL). Comparing cost effectiveness of mineral content, Ca, K, and Mg content in the coffees was significantly higher in latte than in Americano, regardless of manufacturing types.
Conclusion: The content and intake contribution rate of Ca, K, and Mg through coffee beverages were much higher in latte than in Americano. These mineral contents of both latte and Americano were found to be higher in CM coffee than in RTD coffee. Therefore, when one consumes coffee, the type of coffee should be considered an aspect of mineral nutrition.Correspondence to:
Prof. Mi-Hyun Kim
 Department of Food and Nutrition
Kongju National University
Yesan, Chungnam 32439, Republic of Korea
Email: mhkim1129@ kongju.ac.kr

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 39 – No. 2/2022 (47-54)

Nutritional assessment of calcium, sodium, and sugar according to types of milk and dairy products 

Ji-Eun Shin¹, So-Yun Kim², Ho-Jung Ban², Seong-Hee Yoon², Yu-Mi Kim², and Mi-Kyeong Choi²

¹Major in Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, and ²Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare and assess the nutritional contents of calcium, sodium, and sugar for various types of milk and dairy products sold in South Korean markets.
Materials and methods: In this study, the nutritional information of milk and dairy products was collected through the official websites of the manufacturers and examined. Differences in calcium, sodium, and sugar were assessed according to the milk and dairy product types (178 whole milks, 57 reduced-fat milks, 83 cheeses, 79 liquid yogurts, and 51 curd yogurts).
Results: Milk and dairy products with high calcium and low sodium and sugar contents accounted for 3.3% (per serving size) and 7.6% (per 125 kcal) of the total products investigated. The calcium content was higher in milks (whole and reduced-fat) and cheeses than in yogurts. The sodium content was the highest in cheeses, and the sugar content was higher in yogurts than in milks and cheeses.
Conclusion: These results suggest that consumers should choose appropriate dairy products for nutritional management, and producers should develop dairy products with lower sodium and sugar contents.Correspondence to:
Prof. Mi-Kyeong Choi
Department of Food and Nutrition
Kongju National University
54 Daehak-ro, Yesan 32439, Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 39 – No. 4/2022 (137-147)

Mineral content and antioxidant properties of dried fruits consumed in Korea 

Je-Hyuk Lee*, Mi-Hyun Kim*, and Mi-Kyeong Choi

Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
Objective: This study aimed to provide practical data on the nutritive function of dried fruits that are commonly consumed in Korea by analyzing nutrition composition, including selected minerals and antioxidant capacity.
Materials and methods: The 10 types of dried fruits used in the study were apples, plums, pineapples, mandarins, persimmons, strawberries, blueberries, cranberries, bananas, and grapes. In addition, general composition, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities of the dried fruits were analyzed. The Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Si, Mn, B, and Cr content in the dried fruits were also analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
Results: The average energy content of the completely dried fruits was 393.8 kcal/100 g. The dry weight of the dried fruits providing 50 kcal averaged 12.7 g. As for the contribution rate of dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for Koreans per 50 kcal serving weight of dried fruit, Mn showed a high rate of up to 64.7% and Cr up to 201.1%. Dried strawberries, mandarins, and grapes were good sources of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and pineapples were the source of Cu and Mn. The TPC of the ethanol extract of dried fruit was highest in the order of strawberries and cranberries, and the TFC was highest in cranberries. Strawberries had the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and reducing capacity was highest in tangerines.
Conclusion: The obtained results show that dried fruits are dense sources of some minerals and antioxidants even in small servings.

*These authors contributed equally to this work.Correspondence to:
Mi-Kyeong Choi, PhD
Department of Food and Nutrition
Kongju National University, Yesan
Chungnam 32439, Republic of Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 61 – No. 6/2023 (273-288)

Immediate-release tablet formulation of rebamipide and a pharmacokinetic study in healthy human subjects 

Yong-Hoon Won¹, Yoon Tae Goo¹, Gi Hyeong Sin¹, Sun Ho Hong¹, Chang Hyun Kim¹, Min-Ju Kim², Tae Hwa Lee², and Young Wook Choi¹

¹College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, and ²WITHUS Pharm R&D Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
Objective: To develop an immediate-release tablet preparation containing rebamipide (RBM) and perform the bioavailability assessment in the healthy human subjects.
Materials and methods: Raw RBM powder was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RBM tablets were manufactured by the wet granulation method, and their dissolution behavior was compared with the reference tablet (Mucosta). A phase I study (n = 47; sequence-randomized, open-label, single-dose, and two-way cross-over design) was designed for oral administration of a test formulation (F4) and Mucosta to healthy human male subjects, and pharmacokinetic parameters including the maximum plasma concentration (C_max) and area under the curve from 0 to 12 hours (AUC_0–12h) were compared.
Results: RBM powder had a multimodal size distribution with typical crystallinity, and the needle-like and elongated morphologies of RBM were visualized using SEM. Various tablet formulations (F1 – F6) were successfully manufactured using wet granulation method. F4 formulation was selected based on the dissolution profile most equivalent to that of Mucosta. F4 was stable for 6 months under accelerated and long-term storage conditions. Based on one-way analysis of variance, the AUC_0–12h (F(1,92) = 2.40, p = 0.13) and t_max (F(1,92) = 0.04, p = 0.85) were not significantly different; however, the C_max (F(1,92) = 5.45, p = 0.022) showed significant difference between F4 and reference tablets.
Conclusion: Despite similar in vitro dissolution profiles, in vivo pharmacokinetic results revealed a partial difference between F4 and reference tablets. Thus, further study on formulation development is still needed.Correspondence to:
Prof. Young Wook Choi, PhD
College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
84 Heuksuk-ro, Dongjak-gu
Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 61 – No. 9/2023 (377-385)

Comparison of the acid suppression effects between low-dose esomeprazole and famotidine in healthy subjects 

Ha-Yeon Kim¹*, Jun Gi Hwang¹*, Jae-Won Kim¹, Chang Hwan Seong¹, Ji Hyeon Lee¹, Young-sim Choi¹, Hyo Jin Min¹, Hyung Son Kim²#³, Hye Yun Kim², Yu Kyong Kim¹, and Min Kyu Park¹

¹Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Chung-buk National University Hospital, Cheong-ju, ²Daewon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Seoul, and ³Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Objective: Famotidine, an H₂ receptor antagonist (H₂RA), is mainly prescribed to alleviate the early symptoms of gastritis. Our aim was to explore the possibilities of low-dose esomeprazole as a treatment of gastritis as well as the pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of esomeprazole and famotidine.
Materials and methods: A randomized, multiple-dose, 6-sequence, 3-period crossover study was conducted with a 7-day washout between periods. For each period, the subjects were administered one dose of esomeprazole 10 mg or famotidine 20 mg or esomeprazole 20 mg each day. To evaluate the PDs, the 24-hour gastric pH was recorded after single and multiple doses. The mean percentage of time during which the gastric pH was above 4 was evaluated for PD assessment. To confirm the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of esomeprazole, blood was collected for up to 24 hours after multiple doses.
Results: 26 subjects completed the study. Following the multiple doses of esomeprazole 10 mg, esomeprazole 20 mg, and famotidine 20 mg, the mean percentages of time during which the gastric pH was above 4 over the course of 24 hour were 35.77 ± 19.56%, 53.75 ± 20.55%, and 24.48 ± 17.36%, respectively. After multiple doses, the time of peak plasma concentration at steady state (t_max,ss) was 1.00 and 1.25 hours for 10 and 20 mg of esomeprazole, respectively. The geometric mean ratio and its 90% confidence interval of area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve in steady state (AUC_T,ss) and maximum concentration of drug in plasma in steady state (C_max,ss) for esomeprazole 10 mg compared to 20 mg were 0.3654 (0.3381 – 0.3948) and 0.5066 (0.4601 – 0.5579), respectively.
Conclusion: The PD parameters of esomeprazole 10 mg were comparable to those of famotidine after multiple doses. These findings provide support for further evaluating the use of 10 mg of esomeprazole as a treatment option for gastritis.

*H.Y. Kim and J.G. Hwang contributed equally to this manuscriptCorrespondence to:
Min Kyu Park, MD, PhD
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Chung-buk National University Hospital
776, 1sunhwan-ro, Seowon-gu,
Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644
Republic of Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 41 – No. 3/2024 (72-79)

Comparative assessment of magnesium content with product categories of home meal replacement sold in Korea 

Mi-Hyun Kim and Mi-Kyeong Choi

Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
Objective: The magnesium (Mg) content of raw foods in the food composition database is continuously updated and has been used to assess intake; however, there is a lack of information on the Mg content of home meal replacement (HMR), the consumption of which has increased dramatically due to changes in social structures and the COVID-19 pandemic, limiting the accurate assessment of Mg intake. The purpose of this study was to analyze the Mg content of commonly consumed HMRs in Korea, assess their nutritional value by type, and ultimately update the food composition database for Mg content.
Materials and methods: A total of 230 HMRs including ready-to-cook (RTC, n = 150) and ready-to-eat (RTE, n = 80) foods were collected. The energy, caloric nutrient, and sodium contents of the HMRs were obtained from nutritional information, and the Mg content was analyzed via ICP-OES. The RTC foods included rice (30), porridge (13), noodles (32), broth (17), stew (9), soup (6), bread (8), dumplings (12), meat dishes (13), and sauces (10), while the RTE foods included lunchboxes (14), kimbap (53), burgers (5), and sandwiches (8).
Results: The average serving size was greatest for lunchboxes (367.1 g) and lowest for soup (75.0 g). The average energy content per serving was highest for lunchboxes (708.6 kcal) and lowest for soup (122.3 kcal). The Mg content per serving was the highest in stew (62.1 mg) and lowest in soup (8.0 mg). The Mg INQ (Index of Nutrition Quality) was also highest in stew, followed by broth. When assessing the Mg content and price per serving of 230 HMRs, the proportion of products with high Mg content and low price was significantly high for RTE kimbap.
Conclusion: The outcomes can be used to help consumers make product choices considering Mg nutrition and to expand a composition database to improve the validity of Mg intake assessments.Correspondence to:
Prof. Mi-Kyeong Choi
Department of Food and Nutrition
Kongju National University
54 Daehak-ro, Yesan 32439, Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 42 – No. 1/2025 (1-10)

Association of dietary Ca/P, Na/K, and Zn/Cu ratios with bone mineral density in young adults with self-selected diets 

Mi-Hyun Kim and Mi-Kyeong Choi

Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
Objective: To prevent osteoporosis, increasing the peak bone mass that is reached in early adulthood is very important. With the high level of consumption of processed foods, there is a growing concern about the imbalance of minerals related to bone health. This study aimed to evaluate dietary mineral intake in young adults and determine its association with bone mineral density (BMD).
Materials and methods: A total of 100 adults in their 20 – 30s participated in the study. The dietary intake survey was conducted using a 24-hour recall method, and the calcaneal BMD was measured using ultrasound device.
Results: In terms of the BMD T-score, 55.0% of the subjects were normal, 39.0% had osteopenia and 6.0% had osteoporosis, and the proportions of individuals with osteoporosis and osteopenia were significantly greater in women than in men (p < 0.01). Daily energy intake was significantly greater in men than in women (p < 0.01), and the intake of phosphorus (p < 0.05), sodium (p < 0.05), and zinc (p < 0.01) was also significantly greater in men. The average calcium to phosphorus intake ratio was 0.44. The sodium to potassium ratio was 1.86. The zinc to copper ratio was 23.4. BMD was significantly positively associated with the sodium to potassium ratio and significantly negatively associated with the calcium to phosphorus ratio. However, when adjusted for sex, age, BMI, energy intake, and exercise frequency, there were no significant associations between mineral intake, the calcium to phosphorus ratio, or the sodium to potassium ratio and BMD.
Conclusion: This study suggests that current dietary intake ratios of calcium to phosphorus and sodium to potassium are more strongly associated with BMD in young adults than is individual mineral intake. Future structured intervention studies are needed to clarify these associations in early adulthood during the period when peak bone mass is reached.Correspondence to:
Mi-Kyeong Choi, PhD
Department of Food and Nutrition
Kongju National University
54 Daehak-ro, Yesan 32439, Korea
Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 42 – No. 2/3 /2025 (67-79)

How minerals may improve diseases associated with circadian disruption: A narrative review

Mi-Kyeong Choi, Mi-Hyun Kim, and Eunju Kim

Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
Objective: This review examines the role of mineral metabolism in regulating circadian rhythms and its impact on health outcomes, including sleep, mental health, renal function, bone remodeling, and related diseases.
Materials and methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted to synthesize findings from various studies on circadian biology and mineral metabolism. Key databases such as Google scholar and PubMed were searched to identify relevant literature, focusing on studies investigating the effects of minerals on circadian rhythms and their roles in disease modulation and systemic homeostasis.
Results: We examined the evidence linking minerals with circadian rhythms and their contributions to maintaining physiological balance, and we explored how mineral intake should be optimized to support biological rhythms. This underscores the critical influence of mineral intake or levels on various metabolic processes in the body, including sleep, metabolic syndromes, mental and brain health, kidney function, bone remodeling, and skin health.
Conclusion: This review highlights the critical role of mineral-circadian rhythm interactions in various diseases and their biological mechanisms. While certain findings suggest a possible connection between mineral intake, circadian rhythms, and a range of diseases, current research lacks sufficient evidence to confirm a direct relationship. More robust and well-designed studies are required to address these knowledge gaps and better clarify how minerals affect sleep and circadian health.Correspondence to:
Eunju Kim, PhD
Department of Food and Nutrition
Kongju National University
54 Daehak-ro, Yesan 32439, Korea
Email: [email protected]

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