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Original

Is the sodium level per se related to mortality in hospitalized patients with severe hyponatremia?

Seok Hui Kang, Hyung Wook Kim, So Young Lee, In O Sun, Hyeon Seok Hwang, Sun Ryoung Choi, Byung Ha Chung, Hun Suk Park, Cheol Whee Park, Chul Woo Yang, Yong Soo Kim and Bum Soon Choi

Volume 77 (2012) p. 182 - 187

Abstract

Clinical Nephrology, Vol. 77 – No. 3/2012 (182-187)

Is the sodium level per se related to mortality in hospitalized patients with severe hyponatremia?

Seok Hui Kang, Hyung Wook Kim, So Young Lee, In O Sun, Hyeon Seok Hwang, Sun Ryoung Choi, Byung Ha Chung, Hun Suk Park, Cheol Whee Park, Chul Woo Yang, Yong Soo Kim and Bum Soon Choi

Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
Introduction: Severe hyponatremia is a serious medical condition that is associated with morbidity and mortality. Controversy still exists regarding the prevalence, cause and mortality of hyponatremia. Patients and methods: Of the hyponatremic patients, we studied 116 severe hyponatremic patients. Severe hyponatremia was defined as a serum sodium concentration equal to or less than 120 mmol/l at least twice. Results: The mean age of the patients was 67.3 ± 14.9 years. The mean sodium level at the time of diagnosis was 114.9 ± 5.2 mmol/l. Normal extracelluar fluid volume (ECFV) was reported in 44 patients (37.9%). 24 (20.7%) of 44 patients were diagnosed with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Excess ECFV and depleted ECFV were reported in 37 (31.9%) and 18 patients (15.5%), respectively. In 17 patients (14.7%), the exact causes could not be determined due to incomplete laboratory studies. On the univariate analysis, age (p = 0.030), the Charlson’s risk index (p = 0.000) and the correction rate (p = 0.000) were associated with the 1-year survival. The time of onset (p = 0.051) and the initial serum sodium level (p = 0.986) were not associated with the 1-year survival. On the multivariate analysis, the Charlson’s risk index (p = 0.003) and the correction rate (p = 0.033) were independently associated with 1-year survival. Conclusion: This study showed that the sodium level per se is not related to mortality, but a higher Charlson’s risk index and a slow rate of correcting the sodium are related with mortality. For improving the survival of patients with severe hyponatremia, we should pay more attention to correct the underlying comorbidity.Correspondence to:
Bum Soon Choi, MD
Department of Internal Medicine
Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital
505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Ku
137-040, Seoul, Korea
Email: [email protected]

NephroPharmacology

Real-world outcomes of denosumab treatment in patients undergoing hemodialysis for osteoporosis: A 3-year observational study 

Jung Soon Kim, Jin Taek Kim, Hong Il Lim, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Kyong Yeun Jung, Hoonsung Choi, Jung Ah Lim, and So Young Lee

Volume 105 (2026) p. 333 - 340

Abstract

Clinical Nephrology, Vol. 105 – No. 5/2026 (333-340)

Real-world outcomes of denosumab treatment in patients undergoing hemodialysis for osteoporosis: A 3-year observational study 

Jung Soon Kim²*, Jin Taek Kim¹*, Hong Il Lim², Hyo-Jeong Kim¹, Kyong Yeun Jung¹, Hoonsung Choi³, Jung Ah Lim⁴, and So Young Lee²

¹Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, ²Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, ³Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Gwangmyeong, and ⁴Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
Objective: The safety and efficacy of denosumab in patients undergoing hemodialysis for osteoporosis remain underexplored. Therefore, guidelines are unclear regarding whether denosumab can be safely used in these patients. This study aimed to present the experience of denosumab treatment in a small cohort of patients for up to 3 years.
Materials and methods: This study evaluated the effects of denosumab on bone metabolism in 12 patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and osteoporosis undergoing long-term hemodialysis in an observational cohort setting. These patients were maintained on high doses of calcium carbonate (1,250 mg/day) and vitamin D (1,000 IU/day) supplementation during denosumab treatment to prevent hypocalcemia. Eleven patients with ESKD undergoing hemodialysis who did not receive osteoporosis treatment were followed for the same period as a control group. Changes in biochemical markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and clinical outcomes were analyzed over a 3-year follow-up period.
Results: The results revealed no significant differences in lumbar spine BMD but indicated a trend toward high femoral BMD values in the denosumab treatment group at the 2- and 3-year follow-up points. However, 2 patients experienced severe hypocalcemia. Most cases of denosumab discontinuation were due to a lack of BMD improvement.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential of denosumab in managing osteoporosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis but also underscore the need for careful monitoring of calcium levels to mitigate adverse effects. Therefore, adequate calcium replacement is required to prevent severe hypocalcemia. This study provides valuable real-world evidence to guide therapeutic strategies for improving bone health in patients with ESKD.

*These authors contributed equally to this manuscript.Correspondence to:
So Young Lee, MD, PhD
Division of Nephrology
Department of Internal Medicine
Nowon Eulji University Hospital
Eulji University School of Medicine
68 Hangeulbiseok-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01830, Korea
Email: [email protected]

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