Abstract
W. Richmond, G. Colgan, S. Simon, M. Stuart-Hilgenfeld, N. Wilson and U.S. Alon
1Section of Nephrology and 2Department of Medical Research, Children’s Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA
Background: Random urine Ca/creatinine (UCa/Cr) is used to estimate 24-hour Ca excretion. However, due to decreased urine creatinine excretion in children with decreased muscle mass (DMM), UCa/Cr overestimates their Ca excretion. Objective: To evaluate whether in children with DMM random urine Ca/osmolality (UCa/Osm) can accurately predict hypercalciuria (24-hour urine Ca > 4.0 mg/kg) and at which “cutoff” value. Methods: 19 children with DMM and 29 with normal muscle mass (NMM), ages 6 – 17 years, were studied. DMM was diagnosed based on clinical findings and decreased serum creatinine, and confirmed by low urine creatinine excretion. Over 24 hours, subjects collected each void separately. After each sample was analyzed, samples of each participant were combined to form a 24-hour specimen from which an aliquot (AL) was obtained; 24-hour urine Ca was first correlated with the corresponding AL Ca/Cr and Ca/Osm. As an internal control, a similar assessment of proteinuria was conducted. In the next step, AL data were compared with individual urine samples to identify the time of day when a random sample best correlates with AL. Results: The correlation coefficient between 24-hour Ca and AL Ca/Cr in all children was 0.61, in NMM 0.96, and in DMM 0.69 (in all p < 0.001). The correlation coefficient between 24-hour urine Ca and AL Ca/Osm in all children was 0.90, in NMM 0.90, and in DMM 0.91 (in all p < 0.001). In children with DMM, the correlation coefficient of 24-hour protein with AL protein/Cr was 0.75, and with protein/Osm 0.98 (both p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed UCa/Cr as a better predictor of 24-hour Ca > 4.0 mg/kg in NMM, whereas UCa/Osm was a better predictor of hypercalciuria in DMM patients. In NMM, UCa/Cr ratio > 0.20 had sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 96% in detecting 24-hour Ca > 4.0 mg/kg, whereas in those with DMM UCa/Osm (× 10) ratio of > 0.25 had sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 93% in detecting hypercalciuria. It was further found that random urine specimens collected between 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. best represented 24-hour urine data. Conclusion: In children with DMM, UCa/Osm can successfully replace UCa/Cr as a screening tool for hypercalciuria.Correspondence to:
U.S. Alon, MD
Section of Nephrology
Children’s Mercy Hospital
2401 Gillham Road
Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
S. Simonyte1, I. Sadauskiene1, R. Stapulionis1,2 and L. Ivanov1,2
1Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, and 2Department of Biochemistry, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
Objective: To evaluate effects of lead ions on the general protein synthesis in mouse organs in vivo and in liver cell-free translation system. Methods: Experiments were done on white laboratory mice using i.p. injections of appropriate amounts of lead acetate solution. Protein synthesis was evaluated by the incorporation of 14C-labeled leucine into newly synthesized proteins. Liver cell-free translation system was made on the basis of post-mitochondrial supernatant. Results: Even a sublethal concentration of lead ions (0.5 LD50) was not capable to yield major protein synthesis inhibition in mouse liver, kidneys, skeletal muscle and heart 24 h after the experimental intoxication. Further increase of lead ions up to 0.75 LD50 significantly decreased protein synthesis in these organs (except the liver). However, we found that at earlier stages of intoxication (within initial 8 h), strong perturbations of protein synthesis occur in mouse organs; 0.5 LD50 lead caused a significant stimulation of translation in liver and kidneys, which reached 202% in liver at 8th h and 175% in kidneys at 2nd h. Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle was both stimulated by 43% at 2nd h and suppressed by 36% at 8th h. Lead ions did not cause any severe fluctuations in the heart translation intensity; 48 h after the experimental intoxication protein synthesis in studied organs was as in norm. Data of experiments in vitro showed that lead ions at concentration up to 50 mM activate translation in liver cell-free protein-synthesizing system. This concentration is approximately 10-fold lower than that one needed to obtain stimulatory effect in vivo. Conclusions: Lead ions induce significant fluctuations of protein synthesis activity at the early stages of intoxication in vivo, which tend to become normalized with time. Lead at low concentration is capable to stimulate protein synthesis both in vivo and in vitro.
Abstract
S. Simonyte1, R. Planciuniene2, V. Lesauskaite3, G. Cherkashin1 and L. Ivanov1
1Institute for Biomedical Research, 2Department of Microbiology, and 3Institute of Cardiology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of chronic exposure to cadmium and zinc on the mice resistance to experimental Listeria monocytogenes infection and mice spleen and liver alterations in vivo. Material and methods: For outbred and infected mice with the facultative intracellular pathogen L. monocytogenes, 8 weeks of the following oral treatment were given: for control group (n = 28) deionized drinking water, for Cd group (n = 37), water containing CdCl2 10 mg/l and for Cd+Zn group (n = 33), water containing CdCl2 10 mg/l and ZnSO4 100 mg/l. Results: Chronic low doses of cadmium and zinc poisoning during infection affect the growth rate and survival of mice in both experimental groups. Our experimental data indicate that mice receiving Zn+Cd are more resistant to bacterial infection than Cd-affected animals. After 8 weeks, bacterial colonization of mice liver was 9.5% and 48%, respectively. L. monocytogenes carriers in control group were found in 20%. It was markedly less than in Cd group, but not statistically significant more than in Zn+Cd-treated mice. In some cases, the spleen and liver were macroscopically enlarged at the end of the experiment in all mice groups, and hypertrophy of organs was established in animals by Cd exposure. Histologically, hyperplasia of liver and spleen cells, infiltration of lymphocytes and vacuoles formation in organs, was observed after 8 weeks in Cd- and Cd+Zn-intoxicated mice. Conclusions: Zn significantly reduces the negative effect of Cd on the mice antimicrobial defense. Chronic cadmium exposure at low doses under bacterial infection induced hyperplasia and infiltration of lymphocytes in mice organs.Correspondence to:
Dr. S. Simonyte
Laboratory of Pathochemistry
Institute for Biomedical Research of the Kaunas University of Medicine
Eiveniu 4
LT-3007, Kaunas, Lithuania
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Trace Elements and Electrolytes, Vol. 27 – No. 4/2010 (196-201)
Influence of cadmium and zinc on the innate immune response in mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes
S. Simonyte1,2 and R. Planciuniene1
1Department of Microbiology, and 2Institute of Cardiology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania
Objective: To study the effect of single and chronic cadmium exposure on mice innate response and antagonistic role of zinc after experimental infection with the intracellular pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. Materials and methods: In the first experiment BALB/c mice were orally exposed to cadmium chloride and zinc sulphate solutions. After 8 weeks mice were injected intravenously with L. monocytogenes suspension. In the second experiment 24 h before the induction of infection mice were injected with cadmium chloride solution, which equals 0.5 LD50 and 0.05 LD50, respectively. The presence of the bacteria in mice organs was determined after 15 min, 3, 24 and 48 h of infection. Results: Long-term oral exposure to cadmium and zinc increased body weight of non-infected BALB/c mice. After long-term exposure to low doses of cadmium or cadmium with zinc the first clearance of listeria in the mice liver was the same. After 24 h there was a significant increase in number of bacteria in mice liver as compared to controls. Already 3 h past L. monocytogenes infection cadmium decreased elimination of bacteria from spleen. These results suggest that low doses of cadmium and long-term intoxication do not stimulate innate immunity and even can suppress early immune response. Single injection of cadmium (0.5 LD50) significantly decreased the number of bacteria in the mice liver and spleen 48 h after listerial infection, however, a small dose of cadmium (0.5 LD50) did not significantly differ from control. Conclusions: Single injection of cadmium high doses (0.5 LD50) enhanced the non-specific immunity of mice and speeded the elimination of bacteria from mice organs within 48 h after listerial infection. Long-term exposure to cadmium and zinc decreased non-specific resistance of mice to L. monocytogenes, because within 24 h after infection there was bacterial colonization in the mice liver. Zinc does not reduce the negative effect of cadmium on the mice innate immunity.Correspondence to:
Dr. S. Simonyte
Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology
Institute of Cardiology
Kaunas University of Medicine
Sukileliu 17, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Allergologie, Jahrgang 43, Nr. 3/2020, S. 111-124
Perspektiven für ein bundesweites Pollenmonitoring in Deutschland – Fachübergreifender Arbeitskreis „Bundesweites Pollenmonitoring“
R. Baeker1, K.-C. Bergmann2,3, J. Buters3,4, T. Dümmel5, C. Endler6, T. Fuchs7, S. Gilge6, K. Gloyna8, R. Heesen9, C. Herr10, M. Hicke11, C. Höflich12, L. Klimek7, S. Kutzora13, M. Langner14,15, H.-G. Mücke12, G. Petzold11, S. Pleschka16, S. Röseler17, A. Schwalfenberg16, S. Simon11, W. Straff12, A. Weber10,13, B. Werchan2 und M. Werchan2
1Referat 43, Öffentlicher Gesundheitsdienst, Infektionsschutz, Umwelthygiene, Zivil- und Katastrophenschutz, Ministerium für Arbeit, Soziales, Gesundheit, Frauen und Familie des Landes Brandenburg, Potsdam, 2Stiftung Deutscher Polleninformationsdienst, Berlin, 3Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie, Berlin, 4Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, Technische Universität München und Helmholtz Zentrum München, 5Institut für Meteorologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 6Referat Lufthygiene, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Freiburg, 7Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen, Dreieich, 8Abteilung 3, Fachbereich Infektiologie, Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rostock, 9VDI/DIN-Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft (KRdL) – Normenausschuss, Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Düsseldorf, 10Gesellschaft für Hygiene, Umweltmedizin und Präventivmedizin, Gießen, 11Länderarbeitsgruppe umweltbezogener Gesundheitsschutz, 12Fachgebiet II 1.5, „Umweltmedizin und gesundheitliche Bewertung“, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, 13AP 2 Arbeits- und Umweltmedizin/Epidemiologie, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Erlangen, 14Abteilung II 4, „Luft“, Umweltbundesamt, Dessau, 15Bund/Länder-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Immissionsschutz, Ausschuss Luftqualität/Wirkungsfragen/Verkehr, 16Deutscher Allergie- und Asthmabund, Mönchengladbach, 17Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Rheinisch- Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen
Allergene Pollen sind natürliche, biologische luftgetragene Partikel und der Hauptauslöser allergischer Atemwegserkrankungen. Die Messung allergener Pollen ist Voraussetzung für die gesundheitliche Vorsorge und zeigt Veränderungen im Pollenspektrum an, wie sie zum Beispiel im Rahmen des Klimawandels zu erwarten sind. Das in Deutschland einzige bundesweite Pollenmessnetz wird durch die Stiftung Deutscher Polleninformationsdienst (PID) betrieben. Fortbestand und Weiterentwicklung (u. a. Hybrid-System aus manuellen und automatischen Pollenfallen) dieses Messnetzes sind finanziell jedoch nicht gesichert. Im Sommer 2017 formierte sich daher der fachübergreifende Arbeitskreis „Bundesweites Pollenmonitoring“, um sich über diesbezügliche Perspektiven für Deutschland auszutauschen. Für den Austausch kam der Arbeitskreis zwischen November 2017 und Juni 2018 zu 3 Gesprächstagen mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Themenschwerpunkten zusammen. Die internen Protokolle zu den Gesprächstagen bildeten anschließend die Grundlage für die Erstellung des vorliegenden Positionspapiers, mit dem der Arbeitskreis seine Arbeit abschließt. Aufgrund der Bedeutung allergener Pollen für die menschliche Gesundheit und allergischer Erkrankungen für das Gesundheitssystem spricht sich der Arbeitskreis dafür aus, das bundesweite Pollenmonitoring in den Katalog staatlicher Aufgaben aufzunehmen, die der grundlegenden Versorgung der Bevölkerung mit wesentlichen Gütern und Dienstleistungen dienen (öffentliche Daseinsvorsorge). Hinsichtlich möglicher Zuständigkeiten im Rahmen der öffentlichen Daseinsvorsorge wurden im Arbeitskreis mehrere Lösungsansätze diskutiert. Unabhängig von der zukünftigen Zuständigkeit kommt der Kooperation von messtechnischen, klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen eine grundsätzliche Bedeutung für die adäquate gesundheitliche Vorsorge zu.
Dieses Positionspapier des fachübergreifenden Arbeitskreises „Bundesweites Pollenmonitoring“ ist eine Übernahme aus dem Bundesgesundheitsblatt [Bundesgesundheitsblatt 2019;62:652–61, https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00103- 019-02940-y]. Der Artikel wurde unter der Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International Lizenz (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/ by/4.0/deed.de) veröffentlicht.Correspondence to:
Dr. Conny Höflich
Fachgebiet II 1.5, „Umweltmedizin und gesundheitliche Bewertung“
Umweltbundesamt
Corrensplatz 1
14195 Berlin
Email: [email protected]
