Volume 25, No. 4/2008(4th Quarter)
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 Trace Elements and Electrolytes
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Originals
Zinc loss with different zinc balance and with and without zinc load in healthy subjects during prolonged hypokinesia
K.K. Kakuris, C.B. Tsiamis, V.A. Deogenov and K.A. Yerullis
Abstract
K.K. Kakuris1, C.B. Tsiamis2, V.A. Deogenov1 and K.A. Yerullis1
1European Foundation of Environmental Sciences, and 2Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
Objective: This study aims at showing the effect of hypokinesia (HK) on Zinc (Zn2+) loss with different Zn2+ balance and Zn2+ balanced with different Zn2+ consumption. To this end were measured Zn2+ balance, serum Zn2+ level and Zn2+ loss with and without Zn2+ load during HK. Methods: Studies were performed during a 30-day preexperimental period and a 364-day experimental period. They were equally divided in 4 groups: unloaded active control subjects (UACS), unloaded hypokinetic subjects (UHKS), loaded active control subjects (LACS) and loaded hypokinetic subjects (LHKS). Zinc load tests were performed on LACS and LHKS by administering 150 µmol of zinc citrate. Results: Before Zn2+ load Zn2+ imbalance, serum Zn2+ levels and urine and fecal Zn2+ losses increased (p < 0.05) in LHKS and UHKS compared with their preexperimental values and their respective active controls (LACS and UACS). After Zn2+ load, Zn2+ imbalance, serum Zn2+ level and urine and fecal Zn2+ losses increased more (p < 0.05) in LHKS than UHKS. Conclusion: The greater Zn2+ imbalance with than without Zn2+ load indicates that the risk of higher Zn2+ imbalance is directly related to the magnitude of Zn2+ load. The higher Zn2+ loss with higher than lower Zn2+ imbalance indicates that the risk of higher Zn2+ loss is directly related to the magnitude of Zn2+ imbalance. It is concluded that Zn2+ imbalance during prolonged HK increases more when the Zn2+ load is higher and that the Zn2+ loss increases more with higher than lower Zn2+ imbalance indicating that the Zn2+ imbalance is due to the inability of the body to use Zn2+ but not to the Zn2+ shortage in the food.Correspondence to:
Dr. K.K. Kakuris; European Foundation of Environmental Sciences, Odos Kerasunos 2 – 4, 162 32 Athens, Greece
Email: kkakuris@in.gr
Originals
Trace element profile of human depression – the tapistry of patterns
B. Momcilovic, J. Morovic, J. Prejac, A.V. Skalny and N. Ivicic
Abstract
B. Momcilovic1, J. Morovic1, J. Prejac2, A.V. Skalny1 and N. Ivicic1
1Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia and 2Institute of Bioelements, Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia
Objective: The role of trace elements (TE) in human depression is poorly understood. In this exploratory study we examined the TE hair and blood multielement profile (MP) in respective depressed and healthy control subjects. Subjects: 48 depressed (15 men and 33 women) and 48 apparently healthy control (23 men and 25 women) subjects 23 – 92 years of age were studied. Glass’ effect size for a control vs. depression balanced design is maximal (p = q = 0.5). Methods: The multielement profile (41 elements) in the hair and whole blood of every subject was analyzed for Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Hg, I, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Pt, Rb, Sb, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, W, Zn and Zr by the ICP MS. The median value of elements was considered to be different between the healthy and depressed subjects if it equals or exceeds 15%. Results: The elements were assigned to the clusters of a 3 × 6 matrice depending if their median values were lower, equal, or higher in the WB than in the hair. The essential TE iodine, selenium and copper appear to be deficient in depression, and many nonessential TE and heavy metals tend to accumulate excessively in the hair (and to a lesser extent into the WB) of the depressed subjects. Conclusions: An intricate tapistry of multielement profile patterns of human depression emerged when the trace element multielement profiles (TE MP) were analyzed. The results of this exploratory study are tentative of a cell membrane impairment to regulate the ion transport to be at the core of the human depression.Correspondence to:
Prof. B. Momcilovic
MD, MSc, PhD; Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Email: Momcilovic@imi.hr
Originals
Hair calcium paradox – a report of two cases of a controlled intermittent dietary calcium, magnesium and vitamin D supplementation vs. a case of non supplementation
J. Prejac, N. Ivicic and B. Momcilovic
Abstract
J. Prejac, N. Ivicic and B. Momcilovic
Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
Objective: To assess the effect of intermittent custom-made dietary supplementation with Ca, Mg, and vitamin D based on an individual trace element (TE) multielement profile (MP) of the hair and whole blood (WB). Subjects: Initially, we used the hair and WB TE MP to assess Mg, Ca, and Si nutritional status of 48 healthy subjects of both sexes. After the completion of the proposed customized supplementation regimen, 3 perimenopausal women reported for the control TE MP analysis. Before the supplementation, one of them (Subject A) had increased Ca, Mg, and Si in the hair, the other (Subject B) had Ca and Mg increased, and the third one (Subject C) had normal hair Ca and Mg. Methods: TE MP of 41 elements was analyzed in the hair and WB with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS). Data on Ca and Mg are also reported for all the healthy subjects. Results: Women have higher Ca and Mg of the hair than men. Counter intuitively, when dietary supplemented with Ca, Mg, Si and vitamin D, hair Ca, Mg and Si decrease in perimenopausal women having initially high Ca, Mg, and Si hair concentrations (calcium paradox). Conclusion: TE MP of the hair is the important indicator of the individual trace element status so that the dietary supplementation can be customized. Indeed, hair is a “memory tissue” due to its unidirectional growth, whereas TE in the blood has to equilibrate with the surrounding biochemical pools. The better bone mineralization may be expected if Ca, Mg, and vitamin D are supplemented simultaneously in accord with an objective individual trace element multielement profile (TE MP) of the hair.Correspondence to:
Prof. B. Momcilovic MD, MSc, PhD; Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health,
POB 291, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Email: Momcilovic@imi.hr
Originals
Relationship of iodine, selenium and copper in the hair and whole blood of depressed human subjects
B. Momcilovic, J. Moroviic, J. Prejac, M.G. Skalnaya and N. Ivicic
Abstract
B. Momcilovic1, J. Moroviic1, J. Prejac1, M.G. Skalnaya2 and N. Ivicic1
1Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia and 2Center for Biotic Medicine, Moscow, Russia
Objective: Preliminary results of the exploratory study on trace element (TE) multielement profile (MP) hair analysis showed that the essential TE iodine, selenium, and copper are deficient in human depression (median values). The aim of this paper is to study the inter relationship of iodine, selenium, and copper in the hair of control vs. depressed subjects. Subjects: 48 depressed (15 men and 33 women) and 48 apparently healthy control (23 men and 25 women) subjects 23-92 years old were studied. Glass’s effect size balanced design for a control vs. depressed subjects is maximal (p = q = 0.5). Methods: Hair iodine, selenium and copper were analyzed by ICP MS. The data for the control and depressed subjects were grouped in clusters in three different ways: (1) iodine cluster (I, I + Se, I + Cu, I + Se + Cu vs. non I, Se, Cu, Se + Cu), (2) selenium cluster (Se, Se + I, Se + Cu, Se + I + Cu vs. non Se, I, Cu, I + Cu), and copper cluster (Cu, Cu + I, Cu + Se, Cu + I + Se vs. non Cu, I, Se, I + Se). The difference between healthy and depressed subjects was analyzed separately for the respective iodine, selenium, and copper clusters by the chi-square test. Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the control and depressed subjects in iodine cluster, i.e., iodine deficiency was more common in depressed subjects (p < 0.01). There was no difference within the respective Se and Cu clusters of control vs. depressed subjects. Conclusions: Lack of iodine appears to be the principal nutritional factor associated with human depression. Iodine deficiency should be assessed by direct measurement of the hair iodine concentration, and not indirectly by monitoring the thyroid hormone status.Correspondence to:
Prof. B. Momcilovic MD, MSc, PhD; Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Email: Momcilovic@imi.hr
Originals
Effect of 2Gly.ZnCl<sub>2</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O on antioxidant status in rats under fasciolosis
M. Gabrashanska, M.Y. Manga-Gonzalez, S. Ermidou-Pollet, M. Anisimova and S. Tepavitcharova
Abstract
M. Gabrashanska1, M.Y. Manga-Gonzalez2, S. Ermidou-Pollet3, M. Anisimova1 and S. Tepavitcharova4
1Institute of Experimental Pathology and Parasitology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2Estacion Agricola Experimental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Leon, Spain, 3Medical School, University of Athens, Greece, 4Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
The aim of our study was to assess the liver antioxidant status (SOD, GPx, vitamins A, C and E, Se, Zn, MDA), body weights and parasite burden in male Wistar rats experimentally infected per os with Fasciola hepatica (25 metacercariae) and treated with a daily dose of 6 mg 2Gly.ZnCl2.2H2O. During the acute (4 weeks) and chronic stage (6 – 10 weeks) of fasciolosis, antioxidant/oxidant imbalance occurred. SOD activity, levels of vitamins A, C, E, Zn and Se were reduced whereas the amount of MDA was increased. Body weights were lower in the infected rats during the acute and chronic stages. Application of 2Gly.ZnCl2.2H2O increased the enzyme activities, the levels of vitamin E and A, Zn and Se, and reduced MDA concentration. Body weights increased but the parasite burden was not changed after treatment. The compound did not show antiparasitic action.Correspondence to:
Prof. M. Gabrashanska; Institute of Experimental Pathology and Parasitology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Email: m_gabrashanska@abv.bg
Originals
Interactions of arsenic with zinc, copper and iron in human hepatic cells
S. Saito, H. Yamauchi and K. Yoshida
Abstract
S. Saito1, H. Yamauchi2 and K. Yoshida1
1Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, 2Department of Public Health, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
The purpose of this study is to examine interactions of arsenic (As) with copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) in human hepatic cells. The 100 µM As and Cu alone reduced viability of the cells by 25 and 90%, respectively. For the other metals (Zn and Fe), no significant difference was found as compared to the control. The concentrations of 100 µM Cu alone decreased in cell viability significantly as compared with control. For the 10 µM As + 5 µM to 100 µM Zn, no significant changes were observed as compared to As alone. Although 5 – 100 µM Fe alone had no effect on the proliferation of human hepatic cells, there were significant increases in cell viability after exposure to 10 µM As + 100 µM Fe as compared to As alone. Significant increases in cell viability were not observed below the concentrations of 10 µM As + 100 µM Fe. For the concentrations of 10 µM As + 100 µM Cu, a significant decrease was found as compared to As alone. These results indicated that the high concentration of Fe protected against As toxicity in human hepatic cells and that the high concentration of Cu accelerated As toxicity against human hepatic cells.Correspondence to:
S. Saito, MD; Department of Preventive Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan
Originals
Nitric oxide metabolites in chronic renal failure in conservative and in hemodialysis treatment
R. Lo Presti, C. Carollo, M. Montana, F. Vaccaro and G. Caimi
Abstract
R. Lo Presti, C. Carollo, M. Montana, F. Vaccaro and G. Caimi
Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Nephrological Diseases, University of Palermo, Italy
We examined the plasma nitric oxide metabolites (NO2– + NO3–, NOx) in a group of 41 subjects with clinically stable chronic renal failure (CRF) in conservative therapy and in a group of 42 dialyzed patients; in this latter group, the NOx was evaluated. before and alter a standard hemodialysis session. NOx were increased in CRF subjects in conservative therapy in comparison with control subjects. The same behavior was present in dialyzed patients; in the latter NOx significantly decreased after the dialysis session. Considering that it is possible to recycle these anions into NO, our findings deserve particular attention.Correspondence to:
Prof. G. Caimi; via Leonardo da Vinci 52, Palermo, Italy
Email: caimigre@unipa.it
Originals
The concentration of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in selected tissues of STZ-induced diabetic rats
Z. Krejpcio, R.W. Wójciak and H. Staniek
Abstract
Z. Krejpcio, R.W. Wójciak and H. Staniek
Departament of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland
Background/Aims: There is evidence that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in experimental rats alters trace mineral balance as a result of disturbances in pancreatic function. The elevation of intracellular calcium levels leads to apoptosis and to changing in the concentrations of this and other minerals. In this study we evaluated the concentration of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in the testis, pancreas, heart, spleen, kidney, liver and femoral bone of eight STZ-diabetic male Wistar rats and eight control rats. Methods: The calcium and magnesium concentrations in tissues were measured by the FAAS method, the inorganic phosphorus content by the colorimetric method. Results: The significant differences (at p < 0.05) between diabetic and healthy rats were found in the bone calcium and magnesium concentration (Ca: 201.1 ± 4.2 vs. 225.6 ± 10.9 mg/kg of dry mass, respectively, and Mg: 4.37 ± 0.23 vs. 5.18 ± 0.70 mg/kg of dry mass, respectively) as well as in the testis calcium level (48.4 ± 7.3 vs. 38.0 ± 5.3 µg/g of wet mass, respectively). Conclusions: The alterations in the Ca and Mg tissues contents suggest that mineral balance is disturbed in diabetes, especially in bone mineralization.Correspondence to:
Dr. R.W. Wójciak; Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31. Wojska Polskiego Str., 61624 Poznan, Poland
Email: rafwoj@up.poznan.pl
Abstracts
Selected abstracts for trace elements in diet, nutrition and health: essentiality and toxicity
Abstracts
Symposium of the Society of Magnesium Research, Germany, in combination with the 31st Scientific Meeting of the German Hypertension League, November 21, 2007, Herne and Bochum, Germany
