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Volume 23, No. 4/2006(4th Quarter)
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Originals
Alteration of brain zinc level in rat pups of zinc supplemented mothers
T.C. Mathew, M. Al-Bader, M.N. Bou-Resli, H.M. Dashti and N.S. Al-Zaid
231
28$
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is essential for the normal development of the mammalian nervous system. It serves as an important catalytic or structural component of several proteins and acts as an intercellular signaling messenger during neuronal synaptic activity. On the contrary, Zn acts as a pathologic toxic agent during certain neurological diseased state. The aim of the present study was to understand whether there is an increase in the level of Zn in different brain regions of rat pups whose mothers were supplemented with Zn, either 125 mg or 250 mg per liter of their drinking water throughout the period of their pregnancy. The results of this study shows that the level of Zn in the cortical and hypothalamic plus hippocampal tissues of the control rat brains were much higher than the cerebellar and brain stem regions. There were no significant differences in the level of Zn in the cerebellum and brain stem of rat pups of Zn supplemented mothers as compared to the control. However, there was significant decrease in the hypothalamus plus hippocampal tissues and cortex of the rat pups of Zn treated mothers. These studies indicate that the brain has the potential to regulate cellular Zn homeostasis, which is necessary to protect the neuron from Zn induced neuronal death. Further studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms that regulate cellular Zn homeostasis in the brain and its role in brain development and function.Correspondence to:
T.C. Mathew, MSc, PhD, FRCPath
Department of MLS
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
Kuwait University
P.O Box 31470
90805 Sulaibikhat, Kuwait
Email: tcmkw@hotmail.com
T.C. Mathew1, M. Al-Bader2, M.N. Bou-Resli3, H.M. Dashti4 and N.S. Al-Zaid2
1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Departments of 2Physiology, 4Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Biological Sciences, and 3Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait Zinc (Zn) is essential for the normal development of the mammalian nervous system. It serves as an important catalytic or structural component of several proteins and acts as an intercellular signaling messenger during neuronal synaptic activity. On the contrary, Zn acts as a pathologic toxic agent during certain neurological diseased state. The aim of the present study was to understand whether there is an increase in the level of Zn in different brain regions of rat pups whose mothers were supplemented with Zn, either 125 mg or 250 mg per liter of their drinking water throughout the period of their pregnancy. The results of this study shows that the level of Zn in the cortical and hypothalamic plus hippocampal tissues of the control rat brains were much higher than the cerebellar and brain stem regions. There were no significant differences in the level of Zn in the cerebellum and brain stem of rat pups of Zn supplemented mothers as compared to the control. However, there was significant decrease in the hypothalamus plus hippocampal tissues and cortex of the rat pups of Zn treated mothers. These studies indicate that the brain has the potential to regulate cellular Zn homeostasis, which is necessary to protect the neuron from Zn induced neuronal death. Further studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms that regulate cellular Zn homeostasis in the brain and its role in brain development and function.Correspondence to:
T.C. Mathew, MSc, PhD, FRCPath
Department of MLS
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
Kuwait University
P.O Box 31470
90805 Sulaibikhat, Kuwait
Email: tcmkw@hotmail.com
Originals
Effects of different chemical modifiers on the determination of arsenic by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and application to the poultry and plant samples
M. Yaman and I. Akdeniz
237
24$
Abstract
Selected mixed modifiers were examined for the determination of arsenic by platform atomization-ETAAS. These matrix modifiers include the nitrate salts of palladium and the mixtures of calcium, magnesium, iron, molybdenum and nickel and triton-X 100. The palladium and the mixture of Ca + Mg + Triton X-100 were found to be the best reagents as modifier in comparison with the other studied modifiers. The optimized method was applied to the determination of As in poultry samples such as egg and chicken meat and chicken feed and plants such as grass, clover and pine leaves taken from east of Turkey. Approximately, 3.5-fold higher As concentration in egg white than in egg yolk was found. The other obtained data were compared to the literature values.Correspondence to:
M. Yaman
Firat University
Sciences and Arts Faculty
Department of Chemistry
23119 Elazig, Turkey
Email: myaman@firat.edu.tr
M. Yaman and I. Akdeniz
Firat University, Sciences and Arts Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Elazig, Turkey Selected mixed modifiers were examined for the determination of arsenic by platform atomization-ETAAS. These matrix modifiers include the nitrate salts of palladium and the mixtures of calcium, magnesium, iron, molybdenum and nickel and triton-X 100. The palladium and the mixture of Ca + Mg + Triton X-100 were found to be the best reagents as modifier in comparison with the other studied modifiers. The optimized method was applied to the determination of As in poultry samples such as egg and chicken meat and chicken feed and plants such as grass, clover and pine leaves taken from east of Turkey. Approximately, 3.5-fold higher As concentration in egg white than in egg yolk was found. The other obtained data were compared to the literature values.Correspondence to:
M. Yaman
Firat University
Sciences and Arts Faculty
Department of Chemistry
23119 Elazig, Turkey
Email: myaman@firat.edu.tr
Originals
General toxicity and neurotoxicity of lead and mercury in combination with dimethoate in rats after subchronic oral exposure
Z. Lengyel, A. Lukács, A. Szabó and L. Nagymajtényi
242
24$
Abstract
Lead and mercury both have had numerous industrial, agricultural and household applications, resulting in widespread pollution with presence in food and drinking water. Dimethoate, a typical, frequently applied insecticide, is an organophosphate, hence neurotoxic. In the present study, 1/25 and 1/100 LD50 of lead (Pb acetate), mercury (HgCl2) and dimethoate were given, alone or in double combinations, to young adult male Wistar rats by gavage for 12 weeks. Body weight gain was followed by weekly measurements. After that, the rats were prepared for electrophysiology: in urethane anesthesia, the left hemisphere was exposed, and silver electrodes were placed on the primary somatosensory, visual and auditory area. Spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity was recorded and analyzed for band spectrum, and for latency and duration. Finally, the animals were overdosed with urethane, dissected, and organ weights were measured. High-dose Pb and dimethoate caused a significant retardation in the body weight gain. The effect of other doses and combinations was lower. Spontaneous cortical activity was strongly changed towards higher frequencies by dimethoate, less strongly by Pb. The effect of low-dose Pb, when combined with low-dose Hg and dimethoate, was increased. On the cortical-evoked potentials, similar effects were seen. The results indicate that low-level environmental neurotoxicants may, in case of combined exposure, have unexpectedly strong effects.Correspondence to:
Dr. Z. Lengyel
Department of Public Health
University of Szeged Faculty of Medicine
Dómtér 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
Email: lengyelzs@puhe.szote.u-szeged.hu
Z. Lengyel, A. Lukács, A. Szabó and L. Nagymajtényi
Department of Public Health, University of Szeged Faculty of Medicine, Szeged, Hungary Lead and mercury both have had numerous industrial, agricultural and household applications, resulting in widespread pollution with presence in food and drinking water. Dimethoate, a typical, frequently applied insecticide, is an organophosphate, hence neurotoxic. In the present study, 1/25 and 1/100 LD50 of lead (Pb acetate), mercury (HgCl2) and dimethoate were given, alone or in double combinations, to young adult male Wistar rats by gavage for 12 weeks. Body weight gain was followed by weekly measurements. After that, the rats were prepared for electrophysiology: in urethane anesthesia, the left hemisphere was exposed, and silver electrodes were placed on the primary somatosensory, visual and auditory area. Spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity was recorded and analyzed for band spectrum, and for latency and duration. Finally, the animals were overdosed with urethane, dissected, and organ weights were measured. High-dose Pb and dimethoate caused a significant retardation in the body weight gain. The effect of other doses and combinations was lower. Spontaneous cortical activity was strongly changed towards higher frequencies by dimethoate, less strongly by Pb. The effect of low-dose Pb, when combined with low-dose Hg and dimethoate, was increased. On the cortical-evoked potentials, similar effects were seen. The results indicate that low-level environmental neurotoxicants may, in case of combined exposure, have unexpectedly strong effects.Correspondence to:
Dr. Z. Lengyel
Department of Public Health
University of Szeged Faculty of Medicine
Dómtér 10, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
Email: lengyelzs@puhe.szote.u-szeged.hu
Originals
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment
L. Kovatsi, K. Touliou, M. Tsolaki and A. Kazis
247
20$
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Included in this study were 28 women and 29 men divided into 3 groups. Group A consisted of 15 healthy individuals, Group B consisted of 16 patients with MCI, and Group C consisted of 26 patients with AD. Diagnosis of MCI and AD was based on the criteria of Petersen and NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and The Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association), respectively. There was no difference in age and educational level between the 3 groups. Patients with clinical signs of malnutrition were excluded. After collection, the CSF samples were diluted appropriately and the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were analyzed with SPSS for Windows and the statistical method of repeated measures ANOVA was applied. According to our results, the concentration of calcium in the CSF was significantly higher in Group C, both compared to Group A (p = 0.003), as well as compared to Group B (p = 0.014). The concentration of zinc in the CSF was significantly lower in Group C, both compared to Group A (p = 0.001), as well as compared to Group B (p = 0.000). Conclusively, CSF calcium levels are elevated in patients with AD, and CSF zinc levels are decreased in patients with AD. Perhaps these 2 elements play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD.Correspondence to:
Dr. L. Kovatsi
Kydoniwn 8
Thessaloniki 54655, Greece
Email: kovatsi@hotmail.com
L. Kovatsi1, K. Touliou2, M. Tsolaki2 and A. Kazis2
1Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 23rd Department of Neurology, “G. Papanikolaou” Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece The aim of the present study was to determine the calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Included in this study were 28 women and 29 men divided into 3 groups. Group A consisted of 15 healthy individuals, Group B consisted of 16 patients with MCI, and Group C consisted of 26 patients with AD. Diagnosis of MCI and AD was based on the criteria of Petersen and NINCDS-ADRDA (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and The Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association), respectively. There was no difference in age and educational level between the 3 groups. Patients with clinical signs of malnutrition were excluded. After collection, the CSF samples were diluted appropriately and the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were analyzed with SPSS for Windows and the statistical method of repeated measures ANOVA was applied. According to our results, the concentration of calcium in the CSF was significantly higher in Group C, both compared to Group A (p = 0.003), as well as compared to Group B (p = 0.014). The concentration of zinc in the CSF was significantly lower in Group C, both compared to Group A (p = 0.001), as well as compared to Group B (p = 0.000). Conclusively, CSF calcium levels are elevated in patients with AD, and CSF zinc levels are decreased in patients with AD. Perhaps these 2 elements play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD.Correspondence to:
Dr. L. Kovatsi
Kydoniwn 8
Thessaloniki 54655, Greece
Email: kovatsi@hotmail.com
Originals
Combined effect of cadmium, benzo(a)pyrene and pyrene on the Wistar male rats reproductive system
A. Paltanaviciene, D. Zabulyte and J. Kalibatas
251
32$
Abstract
Heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and pyrene (P) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental pollutants. The human being is constantly exposed to mixtures of these substances. Cd and B(a)P have an adverse effect on reproductive function. According to some data, Cd and B(a)P or B(a)P and P may interact in some metabolism phases of xenobiotics. Objective of the study: To determine the combined action of Cd, B(a)P and P at different doses and duration on the reproductive system of Wistar male rats at the oral route of administration. Materials and methods: In the experiment, about 320 Wistar male rats were employed. The doses of Cd (0.1, 0.5, 1.92, 4.0 mg/kg), B(a)P (0.00015, 0.0015, 33.3, 10.0 mg/kg), P (0.00075, 0.0075, 20.0, 90.0 mg/kg) and their combinations and exposure duration in 14, 28, 90 days were tried. The combined effect of substances on the male rats reproductive system evaluated according to the parameters: amount of spermatozoids in the epididymic suspension, % of viable spermatozoids, their motility duration and resistance in 2 media (NaCl and HCl). By the end of experimental relative weight calculation of testicles, seminal vesicles and epididymis were performed, too. The effects of combinations were characterized by 4 types of combined action of substances: antagonistic, additive, synergic and unknown nature. Results: The effect of the Cd, B(a)P and P combinations on the Wistar male rats reproductive system most often was similar to the effect made by isolated substances. The toxic effect of experimental substances combinations was manifested by a reduction in amount of spermatozoids, in their viability, by shorter motility duration and the lower resistance in the media of NaCl and HCl. Conclusions: According to the tested parameters of the male rats reproductive system, 4 types of combined action of substances were identified: antagonistic (56%), additive (38%), synergic (4%) and of unknown nature (2%).Correspondence to:
Dr. A. Paltanaviciene
Institute of Hygiene
22 Didzioji Street
01128 Vilnius, Lithuania
Email: audra.paltana@hi.lt
A. Paltanaviciene, D. Zabulyte and J. Kalibatas
Institute of Hygiene, Vilnius, Lithuania Heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and pyrene (P) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental pollutants. The human being is constantly exposed to mixtures of these substances. Cd and B(a)P have an adverse effect on reproductive function. According to some data, Cd and B(a)P or B(a)P and P may interact in some metabolism phases of xenobiotics. Objective of the study: To determine the combined action of Cd, B(a)P and P at different doses and duration on the reproductive system of Wistar male rats at the oral route of administration. Materials and methods: In the experiment, about 320 Wistar male rats were employed. The doses of Cd (0.1, 0.5, 1.92, 4.0 mg/kg), B(a)P (0.00015, 0.0015, 33.3, 10.0 mg/kg), P (0.00075, 0.0075, 20.0, 90.0 mg/kg) and their combinations and exposure duration in 14, 28, 90 days were tried. The combined effect of substances on the male rats reproductive system evaluated according to the parameters: amount of spermatozoids in the epididymic suspension, % of viable spermatozoids, their motility duration and resistance in 2 media (NaCl and HCl). By the end of experimental relative weight calculation of testicles, seminal vesicles and epididymis were performed, too. The effects of combinations were characterized by 4 types of combined action of substances: antagonistic, additive, synergic and unknown nature. Results: The effect of the Cd, B(a)P and P combinations on the Wistar male rats reproductive system most often was similar to the effect made by isolated substances. The toxic effect of experimental substances combinations was manifested by a reduction in amount of spermatozoids, in their viability, by shorter motility duration and the lower resistance in the media of NaCl and HCl. Conclusions: According to the tested parameters of the male rats reproductive system, 4 types of combined action of substances were identified: antagonistic (56%), additive (38%), synergic (4%) and of unknown nature (2%).Correspondence to:
Dr. A. Paltanaviciene
Institute of Hygiene
22 Didzioji Street
01128 Vilnius, Lithuania
Email: audra.paltana@hi.lt
Originals
Status of iodine nutrition in Bulgarian schoolchildren – results from strategies for prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders
P. Gatseva, M. Argirova and S. Vladeva
258
20$
Abstract
Objective: Elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) is a key health and social goal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results from the introduced strategy for elimination of iodine deficiency in schoolchildren, living in endemic area in Bulgaria. Material and method: The study included measurement of urinary iodine in 483 schoolchildren (274 boys and 209 girls) aged between 8 and 15 years, living in the town of Pazardjik, Bulgaria. Results: The median urinary iodine of the most inspected schoolchildren was between 100 – 200 mg/l, which is a good indicator of optimal iodine nutrition. Unfavorable result of the study is that 33.13% of the schoolchildren have more than adequate and excessive iodine intake. Conclusions: The data obtained indicates a normalization of iodine supply in schoolchildren, living in an endemic for goiter area in Bulgaria as a result of the implemented strategies for elimination of IDD. Recommendations for correction of the iodine supply were made in view of the risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism.Correspondence to:
Dr. M. Argirova
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Medical University
15a Vassil Aprilov Street
4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Email: margirova@netbg.com
P. Gatseva1, M. Argirova2 and S. Vladeva3
1Department of Hygiene and Ecomedicine, 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 3Clinic of Endocrinology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Objective: Elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) is a key health and social goal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results from the introduced strategy for elimination of iodine deficiency in schoolchildren, living in endemic area in Bulgaria. Material and method: The study included measurement of urinary iodine in 483 schoolchildren (274 boys and 209 girls) aged between 8 and 15 years, living in the town of Pazardjik, Bulgaria. Results: The median urinary iodine of the most inspected schoolchildren was between 100 – 200 mg/l, which is a good indicator of optimal iodine nutrition. Unfavorable result of the study is that 33.13% of the schoolchildren have more than adequate and excessive iodine intake. Conclusions: The data obtained indicates a normalization of iodine supply in schoolchildren, living in an endemic for goiter area in Bulgaria as a result of the implemented strategies for elimination of IDD. Recommendations for correction of the iodine supply were made in view of the risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism.Correspondence to:
Dr. M. Argirova
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Medical University
15a Vassil Aprilov Street
4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Email: margirova@netbg.com
Originals
Effect of aluminum ions on the activities of mouse liver tRNALeu and leucyl-tRNA synthetase in vivo
D. Viezeliene, H. Rodovicius, A. Kasauskas and L. Ivanov
262
20$
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effect of aluminum ions (Al3+) on the total protein synthesis and on the activities of tRNALeu and leucyl-tRNA synthetase from mouse liver in vivo. Methods: Experiments were done on white laboratory mice using i.p. injections of 0.5 LD50 AlCl3 solution (25 mg Al3+/kg body weight). The intensity of protein synthesis or tRNALeu acceptor activity was evaluated by incorporation of [14C]-leucine into newly synthesized peptides and proteins. The leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity was measured by the initial rate of tRNALeu aminoacylation. Results: We determined the effect of Al3+ on the intensity of total protein synthesis and on the activities of translation apparatus components in mouse liver in vivo. The most evident aluminum-induced changes of protein synthesis in mouse liver occurred within the first 8 – 16 h after intoxication. The intensity of protein synthesis increased by 47% 16 h after treatment with Al3+. Later, protein synthesis went down; 16 h after injection of AlCl3 solution the activity of leucyl-tRNA synthetase increased by 20%. However, the acceptor activity of tRNALeu decreased by 23%. We supposed that the increase in leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity is a part of compensatory response to the diminished activity of tRNALeu. Conclusions: The most evident Al-induced alterations of the protein synthesis in mouse liver in vivo occur within the first 8 – 16 h after intoxication. An increase in the leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity is a part of compensatory response to the diminished activity of tRNALeu.Correspondence to:
Dr. D. Viezeliene
Department of Biochemistry
Kaunas University of Medicine
Mickeviciaus 9
44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
Email: daleveze@med.kmu.lt
D. Viezeliene1,2, H. Rodovicius1, A. Kasauskas1 and L. Ivanov1,2
1Department of Biochemistry, 2Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania Objective: To evaluate the effect of aluminum ions (Al3+) on the total protein synthesis and on the activities of tRNALeu and leucyl-tRNA synthetase from mouse liver in vivo. Methods: Experiments were done on white laboratory mice using i.p. injections of 0.5 LD50 AlCl3 solution (25 mg Al3+/kg body weight). The intensity of protein synthesis or tRNALeu acceptor activity was evaluated by incorporation of [14C]-leucine into newly synthesized peptides and proteins. The leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity was measured by the initial rate of tRNALeu aminoacylation. Results: We determined the effect of Al3+ on the intensity of total protein synthesis and on the activities of translation apparatus components in mouse liver in vivo. The most evident aluminum-induced changes of protein synthesis in mouse liver occurred within the first 8 – 16 h after intoxication. The intensity of protein synthesis increased by 47% 16 h after treatment with Al3+. Later, protein synthesis went down; 16 h after injection of AlCl3 solution the activity of leucyl-tRNA synthetase increased by 20%. However, the acceptor activity of tRNALeu decreased by 23%. We supposed that the increase in leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity is a part of compensatory response to the diminished activity of tRNALeu. Conclusions: The most evident Al-induced alterations of the protein synthesis in mouse liver in vivo occur within the first 8 – 16 h after intoxication. An increase in the leucyl-tRNA synthetase activity is a part of compensatory response to the diminished activity of tRNALeu.Correspondence to:
Dr. D. Viezeliene
Department of Biochemistry
Kaunas University of Medicine
Mickeviciaus 9
44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
Email: daleveze@med.kmu.lt
Originals
Does SLC30A4 (ZNT4) gene exon 5 915 T-C alteration play a role in neural tube defects?
N. Akar, E. Akar, B. Araç, A. Ulu and M. Ekim
266
20$
Abstract
Previous data in human studies are evidence for the possible role of zinc metabolism in at least some of the mothers of babies with NTDs. So it is logical that genes that mediate absorption of ingested zinc could be a candidate for a teratogenic loci. So, we analyzed the effect of a common polymorphism in the exon 5 of the SLC30A4 (ZNT4) gene 915 T-C on zinc absorption, with respect to a group of NTD babies and their mothers compared to healthy controls. The case control study included 112 individuals of which 66 had meningomyelocele, 46 had closed spina bifida, 105 mothers who gave birth to NTD babies and 142 controls. Genotyping for the mutation and plasma Zn levels after the oral zinc tolerance test was determined as previously described. Our data revealed that TT carriers in control group were 2.8% and in NTD mothers it was 6.6% with an OR of 2.3. Oral zinc tolerance test of the control group with respect to carrying C or T alleles of the gene either in heterozygous or homozygous state revealed a marked difference at the second hour (p < 0.000) between the carriers of CC and TT indicating that this polymorphism at least has a functional property. Oral zinc tolerance test of the NTD mother group with respect to carrying C or T alleles of the gene either in heterozygous or homozygous state revealed also a marked difference at the third hour (p < 0.007) between the carriers of CC and TT. Despite extensive study, the genetic risk factors for SB are incompletely understood. So, in some of the mothers, especially in regions with low diet zinc content, zinc deficiency should be considered.Correspondence to:
Prof. N. Akar, MD
Koru Mah. 606. sok Uyum Sitsi 19
06530 Cayyolu, Ankara, Turkey
Email: akar@medicine.ankara.edu.tr
N. Akar, E. Akar, B. Araç, A. Ulu and M. Ekim
Pediatric Clinics of Ankara University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey Previous data in human studies are evidence for the possible role of zinc metabolism in at least some of the mothers of babies with NTDs. So it is logical that genes that mediate absorption of ingested zinc could be a candidate for a teratogenic loci. So, we analyzed the effect of a common polymorphism in the exon 5 of the SLC30A4 (ZNT4) gene 915 T-C on zinc absorption, with respect to a group of NTD babies and their mothers compared to healthy controls. The case control study included 112 individuals of which 66 had meningomyelocele, 46 had closed spina bifida, 105 mothers who gave birth to NTD babies and 142 controls. Genotyping for the mutation and plasma Zn levels after the oral zinc tolerance test was determined as previously described. Our data revealed that TT carriers in control group were 2.8% and in NTD mothers it was 6.6% with an OR of 2.3. Oral zinc tolerance test of the control group with respect to carrying C or T alleles of the gene either in heterozygous or homozygous state revealed a marked difference at the second hour (p < 0.000) between the carriers of CC and TT indicating that this polymorphism at least has a functional property. Oral zinc tolerance test of the NTD mother group with respect to carrying C or T alleles of the gene either in heterozygous or homozygous state revealed also a marked difference at the third hour (p < 0.007) between the carriers of CC and TT. Despite extensive study, the genetic risk factors for SB are incompletely understood. So, in some of the mothers, especially in regions with low diet zinc content, zinc deficiency should be considered.Correspondence to:
Prof. N. Akar, MD
Koru Mah. 606. sok Uyum Sitsi 19
06530 Cayyolu, Ankara, Turkey
Email: akar@medicine.ankara.edu.tr
Originals
Alterations in the level of trace metals in Alzheimer’s disease
B. Bocca, A. Alimonti, G. Bomboi, F. Giubilei and G. Forte
270
32$
Abstract
In the present study, serum and blood trace elements and oxidative status in Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy individuals were compared in order to identify possible biomarkers of the disease. A Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS) method was developed for the determination of Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, W and Zr. Pre-treatment procedures based on high sample throughput, procedural simplicity and low contamination risk were utilized. The following significant imbalances in Alzheimer’s disease were found: increment of Hg and Sn in serum (p £ 0.01), higher levels of Co, Li, Mn and Sn and lower levels of Mo in blood (p < 0.01), increased formation of serum oxidant species (SOS) and decreased antioxidant capacity (SAC) (p < 0.001).Correspondence to:
Dr. A. Alimonti
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Dipartimento di Ambiente e Connessa Prevenzione Primaria
Reparto Bioelementi e Salute
Viale Regina Elena, 229
00161 Rome, Italy
Email: alessandro.alimonti@iss.it
B. Bocca1, A. Alimonti1, G. Bomboi2, F. Giubilei2 and G. Forte1
1Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 2Department of Neurological Science, Sant’ Andrea Hospital, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy In the present study, serum and blood trace elements and oxidative status in Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy individuals were compared in order to identify possible biomarkers of the disease. A Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS) method was developed for the determination of Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, W and Zr. Pre-treatment procedures based on high sample throughput, procedural simplicity and low contamination risk were utilized. The following significant imbalances in Alzheimer’s disease were found: increment of Hg and Sn in serum (p £ 0.01), higher levels of Co, Li, Mn and Sn and lower levels of Mo in blood (p < 0.01), increased formation of serum oxidant species (SOS) and decreased antioxidant capacity (SAC) (p < 0.001).Correspondence to:
Dr. A. Alimonti
Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Dipartimento di Ambiente e Connessa Prevenzione Primaria
Reparto Bioelementi e Salute
Viale Regina Elena, 229
00161 Rome, Italy
Email: alessandro.alimonti@iss.it
Originals
Influence of cadmium and selenite ions on the mice resistance to experimental bacterial infection
S. Simonyte, R. Planciuniene and G. Cherkashin
277
20$
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to cadmium and selenite ions on the mice resistance to experimental Listeria monocytogenes infection. Materials and methods: BALB/c mice were infected with facultative intracellular pathogen L. monocytogenes and the following oral treatments were given for 8 weeks: for control group (n = 20) deionized drinking water; CdI group (n = 30) water containing CdCl2 10 mg/l; a CdII group (n = 30) water containing CdCl2 100 mg/l and Cd+Se group (n = 30) water containing CdCl2 10 mg/l and Na2SeO3 0.15 mg/l. Results: Chronic high doses (100 mg/l) of cadmium poisoning during infection affected the growth rate and survival of mice while selenite ions increased these parameters. Long-term Cd2+ and SeO32– exposure increased (p < 0.01) the number of bacteria carriers in all the experimental mice groups. Higher dose of Cd2+ increased listeria persistence in liver as compared to lower Cd2+ dose, but the difference was not significant. SeO32– very slightly decreased this parameter as compared with 2 Cd-receiving mice groups. Our experimental data indicate that selenite ions treatment did not increase the mice resistance to L. monocytogenes. Antilisterial antibody titer in the Cd+Se group was lower (p < 0.05) than in the control group, but higher than in the Cd-treated mice groups. Conclusions: Selenite ions did not reduce the negative effect of cadmium ions on the mice resistance to bacterial infection. Mice intoxicated with high doses of cadmium ions are more susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes infection than non-intoxicated mice or intoxicated with a small concentration of cadmium ions.Correspondence to:
Dr. S. Simonyte
Department of Biochemistry
Kaunas University of Medicine
Mickeviciaus 9, Kaunas, Lithuania
Email: sandija@itc.kmu.lt
S. Simonyte1, R. Planciuniene2 and G. Cherkashin2
1Department of Biochemistry and 2Department of Microbiology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to cadmium and selenite ions on the mice resistance to experimental Listeria monocytogenes infection. Materials and methods: BALB/c mice were infected with facultative intracellular pathogen L. monocytogenes and the following oral treatments were given for 8 weeks: for control group (n = 20) deionized drinking water; CdI group (n = 30) water containing CdCl2 10 mg/l; a CdII group (n = 30) water containing CdCl2 100 mg/l and Cd+Se group (n = 30) water containing CdCl2 10 mg/l and Na2SeO3 0.15 mg/l. Results: Chronic high doses (100 mg/l) of cadmium poisoning during infection affected the growth rate and survival of mice while selenite ions increased these parameters. Long-term Cd2+ and SeO32– exposure increased (p < 0.01) the number of bacteria carriers in all the experimental mice groups. Higher dose of Cd2+ increased listeria persistence in liver as compared to lower Cd2+ dose, but the difference was not significant. SeO32– very slightly decreased this parameter as compared with 2 Cd-receiving mice groups. Our experimental data indicate that selenite ions treatment did not increase the mice resistance to L. monocytogenes. Antilisterial antibody titer in the Cd+Se group was lower (p < 0.05) than in the control group, but higher than in the Cd-treated mice groups. Conclusions: Selenite ions did not reduce the negative effect of cadmium ions on the mice resistance to bacterial infection. Mice intoxicated with high doses of cadmium ions are more susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes infection than non-intoxicated mice or intoxicated with a small concentration of cadmium ions.Correspondence to:
Dr. S. Simonyte
Department of Biochemistry
Kaunas University of Medicine
Mickeviciaus 9, Kaunas, Lithuania
Email: sandija@itc.kmu.lt
Originals
Study of the concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and zinc in the hair of breast cancer patients
C.T. Wang, W.T. Chang and T.L. Yang
281
28$
Abstract
An atomic absorption spectrophotometric method was used to determine the concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and zinc in the hair of breast cancer patients (n = 50) in Taiwan. The results demonstrate that breast cancer patients have lower mean hair concentrations of calcium, magnesium and zinc than those of the healthy controls (n = 50). These aforementioned concentrations were noted with significant difference of p < 0.05. Particularly in calcium and magnesium there appears a significant difference of p < 0.001. However, breast cancer patients have higher mean hair concentrations of copper and iron than those of the healthy controls. The significant difference was obvious with p < 0.05, and p < 0.001. In addition, when further compared with the healthy controls, the breast cancer patients have higher ratios of Cu/Zn, Ca/Mg and Cu/Fe in hair. These ratios were noted with all showing a significant difference of p < 0.05. Particularly, when comparing Cu/Zn and Cu/Fe ratios, a significant difference of p < 0.001 appeared. Our results conclude that changes of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and zinc concentrations in hair may have a certain relationship with breast cancer. The ratios of Ca/Mg, Cu/Zn and Cu/Fe could be used as biochemical markers in these patients.Email: wang6860@mail.sju.edu.tw
C.T. Wang1, W.T. Chang2 and T.L. Yang3
1Department of Holistic Education Center, Section 4, St. John’s University, 2Department of Forensic Science, Central Police University, 3Department of General Surgeon, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China An atomic absorption spectrophotometric method was used to determine the concentrations of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and zinc in the hair of breast cancer patients (n = 50) in Taiwan. The results demonstrate that breast cancer patients have lower mean hair concentrations of calcium, magnesium and zinc than those of the healthy controls (n = 50). These aforementioned concentrations were noted with significant difference of p < 0.05. Particularly in calcium and magnesium there appears a significant difference of p < 0.001. However, breast cancer patients have higher mean hair concentrations of copper and iron than those of the healthy controls. The significant difference was obvious with p < 0.05, and p < 0.001. In addition, when further compared with the healthy controls, the breast cancer patients have higher ratios of Cu/Zn, Ca/Mg and Cu/Fe in hair. These ratios were noted with all showing a significant difference of p < 0.05. Particularly, when comparing Cu/Zn and Cu/Fe ratios, a significant difference of p < 0.001 appeared. Our results conclude that changes of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium and zinc concentrations in hair may have a certain relationship with breast cancer. The ratios of Ca/Mg, Cu/Zn and Cu/Fe could be used as biochemical markers in these patients.Email: wang6860@mail.sju.edu.tw
Originals
D. Zabulyte1, S. Uleckiene2, J. Kalibatas1, A. Paltanaviciene1, A. Juozulynas3 and A. Gocentas3
D. Zabulyte, S. Uleckiene, J. Kalibatas, A. Paltanaviciene, A. Juozulynas and A. Gocentas
287
24$
Abstract
Chromium (VI) is an ubiquitous environmental and industrial contaminant. Nitrate is one of the most frequent groundwater pollutants in rural areas. It is known that these compounds can cause adverse effects on health. The aim of the study was to investigate the combined effect of chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) and nitrate (NO3–) on the organism of Wistar rats at the oral route of administration. Material and methods: Tests on general toxicity were conducted on the basis of methodical recommendations 407 and 408 of the organization for economic co-operation and development guideline for testing of chemicals: repeated-dose oral toxicity rodent: 28-day or 14-day study and subchronic oral toxicity rodent: 90-day study [OECD Guideline 1993]. The experiments have been carried out on 64 male Wistar rats. The effects of tested substances were characterized by four types of combined action of them: antagonistic, additive, synergistic and unknown. Results: According to the blood biochemical indices the following combined effect of tested chemicals was determined: antagonistic 50%, synergistic 33.3%, additive 16.6%. Analysis of the complex of substances under the study by the parameters of orientation reactions showed that the combined effect of substances was mostly antagonistic. According to the tested parameters of the male rats reproductive system these types of combined action of substances were identified as follows: antagonistic (20%), additive (40%) and unknown (40%). Methemoglobinemia was noted in groups given nitrate and Cr (VI) + NO3– complex.Correspondence to:
D. Zabulyte, MD
Institute of Hygiene
Didzioji Street 22
01128 Vilnius, Lithuania
Email: danguole@hi.lt
D. Zabulyte1, S. Uleckiene2, J. Kalibatas1, A. Paltanaviciene1, A. Juozulynas3 and A. Gocentas3
1Institute of Hygiene, 2Institute of Oncology, 3Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania Chromium (VI) is an ubiquitous environmental and industrial contaminant. Nitrate is one of the most frequent groundwater pollutants in rural areas. It is known that these compounds can cause adverse effects on health. The aim of the study was to investigate the combined effect of chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) and nitrate (NO3–) on the organism of Wistar rats at the oral route of administration. Material and methods: Tests on general toxicity were conducted on the basis of methodical recommendations 407 and 408 of the organization for economic co-operation and development guideline for testing of chemicals: repeated-dose oral toxicity rodent: 28-day or 14-day study and subchronic oral toxicity rodent: 90-day study [OECD Guideline 1993]. The experiments have been carried out on 64 male Wistar rats. The effects of tested substances were characterized by four types of combined action of them: antagonistic, additive, synergistic and unknown. Results: According to the blood biochemical indices the following combined effect of tested chemicals was determined: antagonistic 50%, synergistic 33.3%, additive 16.6%. Analysis of the complex of substances under the study by the parameters of orientation reactions showed that the combined effect of substances was mostly antagonistic. According to the tested parameters of the male rats reproductive system these types of combined action of substances were identified as follows: antagonistic (20%), additive (40%) and unknown (40%). Methemoglobinemia was noted in groups given nitrate and Cr (VI) + NO3– complex.Correspondence to:
D. Zabulyte, MD
Institute of Hygiene
Didzioji Street 22
01128 Vilnius, Lithuania
Email: danguole@hi.lt
Originals
Connection between redox homeostasis and metal ion homeostasis in hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury of the rat
L. Váli, K. Szentmihályi, G. Taba, H. Fébel, I. Kocsis, A. Lugasi and A. Blázovics
292
32$
Abstract
Oxidative damage connected with ischemia reperfusion occurs during liver resection and transplantation. The aim was to elucidate the correlation between alterations of the redox defensive system and metal element concentrations in ischemia reperfusion injury. Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control, sham-operated, ischemic and reperfusion groups. Hepatic ischemia was induced for 45 min followed by 15 min of reperfusion. Chemiluminescent intensity, H-donating ability, reducing power, SH group concentration, total antioxidant status, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity were detected by luminometry and spectrophotometry. Blood parameters (Hitachi 717 Analyzer) as well as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, S and Zn concentrations of liver with ICP-OES were also determined. Se content was determined by a cathodic stripping voltametric method. H-donating ability and reducing power decreased and glutathione peroxidase level of the liver were significantly lower during reperfusion than in the sham-operated group. The same tendency could be observed in the level of superoxide dismutase. The changes in the metal element concentration are essential for cellular pathways, for example, significant decrease in Cu, Zn, Mn and Se content may serve as an explanation for decreased glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Changes in Ca, Mg, P and S concentrations during ischemia reperfusion processes also show the important role of these elements in the tissue regeneration. Significant disturbance of the antioxidant balance could be detected, which was related to the alterations of metal element concentration in the liver tissue.Correspondence to:
A. Blázovics, MD
II. Department of Medicine
Biochemical Research Group
Semmelweis University
Szentkirályi u. 46.,
1088 Budapest, Hungary
Email: blaz@bel2.sote.hu
L. Váli1, K. Szentmihályi2, G. Taba2, H. Fébel3, I. Kocsis1, A. Lugasi4 and A. Blázovics1
1II. Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 2Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 3Research Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Herceghalom, 4Fodor József National Center of Public Health, National Institute Oxidative damage connected with ischemia reperfusion occurs during liver resection and transplantation. The aim was to elucidate the correlation between alterations of the redox defensive system and metal element concentrations in ischemia reperfusion injury. Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control, sham-operated, ischemic and reperfusion groups. Hepatic ischemia was induced for 45 min followed by 15 min of reperfusion. Chemiluminescent intensity, H-donating ability, reducing power, SH group concentration, total antioxidant status, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity were detected by luminometry and spectrophotometry. Blood parameters (Hitachi 717 Analyzer) as well as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, S and Zn concentrations of liver with ICP-OES were also determined. Se content was determined by a cathodic stripping voltametric method. H-donating ability and reducing power decreased and glutathione peroxidase level of the liver were significantly lower during reperfusion than in the sham-operated group. The same tendency could be observed in the level of superoxide dismutase. The changes in the metal element concentration are essential for cellular pathways, for example, significant decrease in Cu, Zn, Mn and Se content may serve as an explanation for decreased glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Changes in Ca, Mg, P and S concentrations during ischemia reperfusion processes also show the important role of these elements in the tissue regeneration. Significant disturbance of the antioxidant balance could be detected, which was related to the alterations of metal element concentration in the liver tissue.Correspondence to:
A. Blázovics, MD
II. Department of Medicine
Biochemical Research Group
Semmelweis University
Szentkirályi u. 46.,
1088 Budapest, Hungary
Email: blaz@bel2.sote.hu
Originals
Bone zinc, copper, manganese, iron, cadmium and lead in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis: relationship with bone and hormonal changes
E. González-Reimers, R. Martín-Olivera, M. Konêcná, A. López-Lirola, M.C. Durán-Castellón, L. Galindo-Martín, A. Martínez-Riera and F. Santolaria-Fernández
299
28$
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to analyze the effects of liver cirrhosis and protein undernutrition on bone Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe, and the relationships between bone content of these elements and histomorphometrically assessed bone changes (trabecular bone mass (TBM) and osteoid), serum levels of hormones involved in bone homeostasis (PTH, IGF-1), osteocalcin and hydroxyproline excretion. Four groups of 10 Sprague-Dawley adult rats were fed an 18% protein-containing diet (Group 1), a 2% protein-containing diet (Group 2); Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) liver cirrhosis was induced in Group 3 (fed a 18% protein-containing diet), and Group 4 (fed a 2% protein-containing diet). Cirrhotic rats, especially those of Group 4, showed significantly decreased TBM (F = 3.89, p = 0.019). Although bone trace elements were not significantly different among the 4 experimental groups, bone Cd showed an inverse relationship with osteoid (rho = –0.45, p = 0.007) and IGF-1 (rho = –0.41, p = 0.015), and bone zinc a direct one (rho = 0.36, p = 0.041). We conclude that CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis does not lead to significant changes in bone content of Cd, Pb,Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe, but to a decreased trabecular bone mass. However, bone zinc seems to exert a protective effect on bone changes, showing a direct relationship with osteoid, in contrast with bone cadmium, which keeps an inverse correlation with osteoid area.Correspondence to:
Dr. E. González-Reimers
Department of Internal Medicine
University Hospital of the Canary Islands
Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Email: egonrey@ull.es
E. González-Reimers1, R. Martín-Olivera1, M. Konêcná2, A. López-Lirola1, M.C. Durán-Castellón1, L. Galindo-Martín2, A. Martínez-Riera1 and F. Santolaria-Fernández1
1Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of the Canary Islands, and 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of de la Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain The aim of the present study is to analyze the effects of liver cirrhosis and protein undernutrition on bone Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe, and the relationships between bone content of these elements and histomorphometrically assessed bone changes (trabecular bone mass (TBM) and osteoid), serum levels of hormones involved in bone homeostasis (PTH, IGF-1), osteocalcin and hydroxyproline excretion. Four groups of 10 Sprague-Dawley adult rats were fed an 18% protein-containing diet (Group 1), a 2% protein-containing diet (Group 2); Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) liver cirrhosis was induced in Group 3 (fed a 18% protein-containing diet), and Group 4 (fed a 2% protein-containing diet). Cirrhotic rats, especially those of Group 4, showed significantly decreased TBM (F = 3.89, p = 0.019). Although bone trace elements were not significantly different among the 4 experimental groups, bone Cd showed an inverse relationship with osteoid (rho = –0.45, p = 0.007) and IGF-1 (rho = –0.41, p = 0.015), and bone zinc a direct one (rho = 0.36, p = 0.041). We conclude that CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis does not lead to significant changes in bone content of Cd, Pb,Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe, but to a decreased trabecular bone mass. However, bone zinc seems to exert a protective effect on bone changes, showing a direct relationship with osteoid, in contrast with bone cadmium, which keeps an inverse correlation with osteoid area.Correspondence to:
Dr. E. González-Reimers
Department of Internal Medicine
University Hospital of the Canary Islands
Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Email: egonrey@ull.es
Originals
The effects of variation of Na+ concentrations on contraction induced by Mn2+ in the presence of ouabain in taenia coli of guinea pig
T. Nasu and K. Takahashi
305
32$
Abstract
Manganese ions (Mn2+) at 5 mM induced progressive increase in tonic contractions in both Ca2+-free, hypertonic 60 mM K+ medium (123.7 mM Na+) and Ca2+-free, isotonic 60 mM K+ medium (63.7 mM Na+) in isolated taenia coli of guinea pig. Ouabain, a cell membrane Na+, K+-ATPase blocker, at 2 × 10–4 M greatly inhibited the contraction due to 5 mM Mn2+ in the hypertonic 60 mM K+ medium (123.7 mM Na+), but did not affect the contraction due to 5 mM Mn2+ in the isotonic 60 mM K+ medium (63.7 mM Na+) so much. In addition, 2 × 10–4 M ouabain did not greater affect the contraction, due to 5 mM Mn2+ in hypertonic 60 mM K+ medium (105 mM Na+, substituted by sorbitol of twice of decreased 18.7 mM Na+). In addition, ouabain did not affect the contraction due to 5 mM Mn2+ in hypertonic 60 mM K+ medium (90 mM Na+, substituted by sorbitol of twice of decreased 33.7 mM Na+). Ouabain produced a greater increase in cellular Na+ concentration in the presence of Mn2+ in hypertonic 60 mM K+ medium (123.7 mM Na+) than that in isotonic 60 mM K+ medium (63.7 mM Na+). We have previously reported that 5.5 mM pyruvate, which we utilized independently in the external Na+, reversed the inhibition of tension by ouabain in hypertonic 60 mM K+, Na+-sufficient (123.7 mM) medium containing 5 mM Mn2+. These results suggest that Mn2+ induces the contraction which is maintained by glucose transport depending on external Na+, in the case of Na+-sufficient medium in K+-depolarized taenia coli, however, it induces the contraction which is maintained by external Na+-independent glucose transport, under Na+-deficient condition.Correspondence to:
Prof. T. Nasu
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology
Faculty of Agriculture
Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753, Japan
Email: nasu@agr.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
T. Nasu and K. Takahashi
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan Manganese ions (Mn2+) at 5 mM induced progressive increase in tonic contractions in both Ca2+-free, hypertonic 60 mM K+ medium (123.7 mM Na+) and Ca2+-free, isotonic 60 mM K+ medium (63.7 mM Na+) in isolated taenia coli of guinea pig. Ouabain, a cell membrane Na+, K+-ATPase blocker, at 2 × 10–4 M greatly inhibited the contraction due to 5 mM Mn2+ in the hypertonic 60 mM K+ medium (123.7 mM Na+), but did not affect the contraction due to 5 mM Mn2+ in the isotonic 60 mM K+ medium (63.7 mM Na+) so much. In addition, 2 × 10–4 M ouabain did not greater affect the contraction, due to 5 mM Mn2+ in hypertonic 60 mM K+ medium (105 mM Na+, substituted by sorbitol of twice of decreased 18.7 mM Na+). In addition, ouabain did not affect the contraction due to 5 mM Mn2+ in hypertonic 60 mM K+ medium (90 mM Na+, substituted by sorbitol of twice of decreased 33.7 mM Na+). Ouabain produced a greater increase in cellular Na+ concentration in the presence of Mn2+ in hypertonic 60 mM K+ medium (123.7 mM Na+) than that in isotonic 60 mM K+ medium (63.7 mM Na+). We have previously reported that 5.5 mM pyruvate, which we utilized independently in the external Na+, reversed the inhibition of tension by ouabain in hypertonic 60 mM K+, Na+-sufficient (123.7 mM) medium containing 5 mM Mn2+. These results suggest that Mn2+ induces the contraction which is maintained by glucose transport depending on external Na+, in the case of Na+-sufficient medium in K+-depolarized taenia coli, however, it induces the contraction which is maintained by external Na+-independent glucose transport, under Na+-deficient condition.Correspondence to:
Prof. T. Nasu
Department of Veterinary Pharmacology
Faculty of Agriculture
Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753, Japan
Email: nasu@agr.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
Originals
Effects of maximal and submaximal exercise on plasma electrolyte shifts
D. Westmoreland, D. Anderson and S. Porta
312
28$
Abstract
Background: Mineral fluctuations in the body have been extensively studied to determine effects on athletic performance, with magnesium in particular being the focus of many studies. As a general rule, high-intensity exercise induces an increase in plasma Mg, while submaximal exercise has the opposite effect. This generality is based on comparisons among studies that differed in subject pools and experimental design, however, and many exceptions to the general trend have been noted. In this study, we sought to control the effects of between-subject variability, exercise duration and time of day on the plasma Mg shift by having each subject take maximal and submaximal exercise trials at a standardized time of day within a 48-h period. Material and methods: 25 cadets of the United States Air Force Academy underwent both a submaximal cycle and a maximal-effort treadmill test in randomized order within a 48-h time period. Blood samples were drawn from each subject immediately before and after exercise and analyzed for whole blood Na, K, Mg, Ca, pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3–, base excess and hematocrit. Results: Submaximal exercise induced a significant change in K and Mg, while maximal exercise trials caused significant changes in all four measured electrolytes. The magnitude of electrolyte shifts was significantly different between trials for Na, Ca and Mg, and were in opposite directions for Ca and Mg. In both exercise regimens, there was a significant negative correlation between pre-exercise plasma Mg levels and the Mg shift during exercise. However, the thresholds that separated positive and negative Mg shifts were substantially different between the exercise regimens. Conclusion: Short exercise regimens differing in intensity have profound, and often opposite, effects on electrolyte shifts. This study supports the generality that high-intensity exercise leads to an increase in plasma Mg, while submaximal exercise leads to a decrease. Hypomagnesic individuals transfer Mg into the plasma compartment during exercise in proportion to workload. We hypothesize that the observed Mg rise in such individuals is a compensatory mechanism that involves rapid mobilization of Mg from apatite crystals in bone.Correspondence to:
Prof. D. Westmoreland
Department of Biology
HQ USAFA/DFB
2355 Faculty Drive Suite 2P389
US Air Force Academy, Colorado, CO 80840, USA
Email: David.Westmoreland@usafa.af.mil
D. Westmoreland1, D. Anderson2 and S. Porta3,4
1Department of Biology, US Air Force Academy, Colorado, 2Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA, 3Institute of Applied Stress Research, Bad Radkersburg, 4Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria Background: Mineral fluctuations in the body have been extensively studied to determine effects on athletic performance, with magnesium in particular being the focus of many studies. As a general rule, high-intensity exercise induces an increase in plasma Mg, while submaximal exercise has the opposite effect. This generality is based on comparisons among studies that differed in subject pools and experimental design, however, and many exceptions to the general trend have been noted. In this study, we sought to control the effects of between-subject variability, exercise duration and time of day on the plasma Mg shift by having each subject take maximal and submaximal exercise trials at a standardized time of day within a 48-h period. Material and methods: 25 cadets of the United States Air Force Academy underwent both a submaximal cycle and a maximal-effort treadmill test in randomized order within a 48-h time period. Blood samples were drawn from each subject immediately before and after exercise and analyzed for whole blood Na, K, Mg, Ca, pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3–, base excess and hematocrit. Results: Submaximal exercise induced a significant change in K and Mg, while maximal exercise trials caused significant changes in all four measured electrolytes. The magnitude of electrolyte shifts was significantly different between trials for Na, Ca and Mg, and were in opposite directions for Ca and Mg. In both exercise regimens, there was a significant negative correlation between pre-exercise plasma Mg levels and the Mg shift during exercise. However, the thresholds that separated positive and negative Mg shifts were substantially different between the exercise regimens. Conclusion: Short exercise regimens differing in intensity have profound, and often opposite, effects on electrolyte shifts. This study supports the generality that high-intensity exercise leads to an increase in plasma Mg, while submaximal exercise leads to a decrease. Hypomagnesic individuals transfer Mg into the plasma compartment during exercise in proportion to workload. We hypothesize that the observed Mg rise in such individuals is a compensatory mechanism that involves rapid mobilization of Mg from apatite crystals in bone.Correspondence to:
Prof. D. Westmoreland
Department of Biology
HQ USAFA/DFB
2355 Faculty Drive Suite 2P389
US Air Force Academy, Colorado, CO 80840, USA
Email: David.Westmoreland@usafa.af.mil
Originals
Complementary and alternative medicine experience in radiation oncology patients: first results of a multi-center approach
F. Bruns, M. Glatzel, K. Schönekaes, D. Riesenbeck, R. Mücke, J. Büntzel, P. Micke, U. Schäfer, K. Kisters and O. Micke
318
36$
Abstract
Background: In recent years the demand and use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in malignant diseases has increased noticeably. Since the general knowledge about CAM use is scant and CAM could potentially interact with standard therapies the German Working group “Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Oncology” performed a multi-centric study to comprehensively evaluate the use of CAM therapies in cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Methods: 1,013 patients receiving consecutively radiotherapy for malignant diseases were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire including clinical and pathological tumor parameters as well as the type of CAM and reasons for CAM use. A self-assessment of patients’ personal conditions was performed in order to evaluate the subjective impact of CAM on quality of life. Results: A total of 59% of patients reported using CAM therapies. CAM use was more common in female patients, generally higher in advanced stages of disease and most common in breast cancer patients. Most frequently reported CAM therapies were vitamins (18%), mistletoe extracts (15%), selenium (10%), and other trace element preparations (7%). Multivariate logistic regression showed age, gender, tumor type and stage, and smoking behavior to be significant predictors for CAM use. A subjective improvement in quality of life due to the use of CAM was accounted for in 30% of patients. Conclusions: More than half of patients undergoing RT for cancer are using CAM therapies. Therefore, radiation oncologists should be asking for respective obtaining information about CAM use in order to avoid harmful interactions with conventional therapies. The value and potential hazards of such combined treatments have yet to be tested in further clinical studies. Correspondence to:
Dr. F. Bruns
Department of Radiotherapy
Hannover Medical School
Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1
30625 Hannover, Germany
Email: Bruns.Frank@MH-Hannover.de
F. Bruns1, M. Glatzel2, K. Schönekaes3, D. Riesenbeck4, R. Mücke5, J. Büntzel6, P. Micke7, U. Schäfer4, K. Kisters8 and O. Micke4,9
1Department of Radiotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 2Department of Radiotherapy, Central Hospital, Suhl, 3Department of Radiotherapy, Minden Hospital, Minden, 4Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Münster University Hospital, M Background: In recent years the demand and use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in malignant diseases has increased noticeably. Since the general knowledge about CAM use is scant and CAM could potentially interact with standard therapies the German Working group “Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Oncology” performed a multi-centric study to comprehensively evaluate the use of CAM therapies in cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Methods: 1,013 patients receiving consecutively radiotherapy for malignant diseases were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire including clinical and pathological tumor parameters as well as the type of CAM and reasons for CAM use. A self-assessment of patients’ personal conditions was performed in order to evaluate the subjective impact of CAM on quality of life. Results: A total of 59% of patients reported using CAM therapies. CAM use was more common in female patients, generally higher in advanced stages of disease and most common in breast cancer patients. Most frequently reported CAM therapies were vitamins (18%), mistletoe extracts (15%), selenium (10%), and other trace element preparations (7%). Multivariate logistic regression showed age, gender, tumor type and stage, and smoking behavior to be significant predictors for CAM use. A subjective improvement in quality of life due to the use of CAM was accounted for in 30% of patients. Conclusions: More than half of patients undergoing RT for cancer are using CAM therapies. Therefore, radiation oncologists should be asking for respective obtaining information about CAM use in order to avoid harmful interactions with conventional therapies. The value and potential hazards of such combined treatments have yet to be tested in further clinical studies. Correspondence to:
Dr. F. Bruns
Department of Radiotherapy
Hannover Medical School
Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1
30625 Hannover, Germany
Email: Bruns.Frank@MH-Hannover.de
